Abstract: A spectrograph as disclosed includes a housing, wherein a wall of the housing includes first, second and third openings, an entrance slit located at the first opening and configured to direct light along a first light path portion in the interior of the housing, a dispersive element located at the second opening and configured to receive light from the entrance slit along the first light path portion and direct light along a second light path portion in the interior of the housing, a detector located at the third opening and configured to receive light from the dispersive element along the second light path portion. The detector can include first and second groups of light-sensitive regions. A cover can be positioned to separate the first group of light-sensitive regions from the light path, the second group of light-sensitive regions being exposed to the light path.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method are disclosed for performing a light-absorption measurement of a specified amount of sample. A method for performing a light-absorption measurement of a specified amount of sample includes placing the sample on the surface of an apparatus including the surface and a light reflector, the light reflector being mechanically coupled with the surface and separated from the surface by a separation distance, changing the separation distance, while the light reflector remains mechanically coupled with the surface, to a first separation distance, and performing a first light-absorption measurement of the sample via the apparatus, while the separation distance is equal to the first separation distance, and while the sample is subject to pressure force.

Abstract: A spectrograph as disclosed includes a housing, wherein a wall of the housing includes first, second and third openings, an entrance slit located at the first opening and configured to direct light along a first light path portion in the interior of the housing, a dispersive element located at the second opening and configured to receive light from the entrance slit along the first light path portion and direct light along a second light path portion in the interior of the housing, a detector located at the third opening and configured to receive light from the dispersive element along the second light path portion. The detector can include first and second groups of light-sensitive regions. A cover can be positioned to separate the first group of light-sensitive regions from the light path, the second group of light-sensitive regions being exposed to the light path.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method are disclosed for performing a light-absorption measurement of a specified amount of sample. A method for performing a light-absorption measurement of a specified amount of sample includes placing the sample on the surface of an apparatus including the surface and a light reflector, the light reflector being mechanically coupled with the surface and separated from the surface by a separation distance, changing the separation distance, while the light reflector remains mechanically coupled with the surface, to a first separation distance, and performing a first light-absorption measurement of the sample via the apparatus, while the separation distance is equal to the first separation distance, and while the sample is subject to pressure force.

Abstract: At least one of the softening point and the dropping point of a substance is determined with a measuring instrument that comprises a sample chamber (4), a temperature sensor (16), a heater device (11), a means for providing temperature/time target values, an image-recording means (5) and a controller unit (17) with a processor unit. The heater device heats the sample chamber, the temperature sensor measures the temperature in the sample chamber, and the image-recording means captures a visual image of the interior of the sample chamber. A method using the measuring instrument has at least the steps of determining the change over time of the sample as a function of temperature based on the recorded image/time data and actual temperature/time data, and of determining the dropping- or softening point of the sample based on the observed change over time as a function of temperature.

Abstract: At least one of the softening point and the dropping point of a substance is determined with a measuring instrument that comprises a sample chamber (4), a temperature sensor (16), a heater device (11), a means for providing temperature/time target values, an image-recording means (5) and a controller unit (17) with a processor unit. The heater device heats the sample chamber, the temperature sensor measures the temperature in the sample chamber, and the image-recording means captures a visual image of the interior of the sample chamber. A method using the measuring instrument has at least the steps of determining the change over time of the sample as a function of temperature based on the recorded image/time data and actual temperature/time data, and of determining the dropping- or softening point of the sample based on the observed change over time as a function of temperature.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for remotely controlling and/or regulating at least one system (1), in particular an industrial system using a communications device (2) which is assigned to the system (1), and at least one receiver device (3), information relating to the system being transmitted from the communications device (2) to the at least one receiver device (3), the information containing a validation code which is generated by the communications device (2), a message being received by the communications device (2), the communications device (2) extracting a check code and instruction information from the message according to a first extraction rule, the communications device (2) validating the message by means of the validation code and check code, and the instruction information being implemented by the system (1) only when the validation is successful.

Abstract: To produce a controller or regulator (1), a control or regulation process (3) is first designed and simulated on a development system (20). The process source code (25) for a target system (2) arranged in the controller or regulator (1) is then generated, and also a description file (28, 29) in HTML and/or XML format which, among other things, describes the parameters for the controller or regulator (1). Tags which characterize the parameters are used in the description file (28, 29). The description file (28, 29) is then converted, in a web server generator (30), into data and source code (31, 34) for a web server (5) which can run on the target system (2). In this context, the web server generator (30) and/or web server (5) use/uses the tags to insert input and output elements which can be used for setting and reading the respective parameters.

Abstract: A method for installation of a programmable protective function in a protective device for an electrical power distribution network, with the protective device having means for processing measured values from measurement appliances for the power distribution network, and having means for initiating switching commands by primary appliances for the power distribution network, and the protective function determining the switching commands on the basis of the measured values, when it is carried out, has the following steps: transmission of a description of the protective function from a remote function server via a communication link to the protective device, loading of the description in the protective device, and implementation of the loaded description of the protective function.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for remotely controlling and/or regulating at least one system (1), in particular an industrial system using a communications device (2) which is assigned to the system (1), and at least one receiver device (3), information relating to the system being transmitted from the communications device (2) to the at least one receiver device (3), the information containing a validation code which is generated by the communications device (2), a message being received by the communications device (2), the communications device (2) extracting a check code and instruction information from the message according to a first extraction rule, the communications device (2) validating the message by means of the validation code and check code, and the instruction information being implemented by the system (1) only when the validation is successful.

Abstract: The invention relates to a configuration system for configuration of appliances in networks, for example substation control technology, having at least one appliance to be configured and having elements which are configured in a specific manner, and configuration means for reconfiguration of the appliance on the basis of received new configuration information; and a configuration server, which is connected via a network to the at least one appliance to be configured and which has composition means for creation of new configuration information for the appliance to be configured and means for determination of the present configuration of the at least one appliance to be configured. The invention likewise relates to a corresponding configuration method.

Abstract: A method for installation of a programmable protective function in a protective device (1) for an electrical power distribution network, with the protective device (1) having means for processing (14) measured values from measurement appliances (3, 4) for the power distribution network, and having means for initiating (16) switching commands by primary appliances (2) for the power distribution network, and the protective function determining the switching commands on the basis of the measured values, when it is carried out, has the following steps:

Abstract: To produce a controller or regulator (1), a control or regulation process (3) is first designed and simulated on a development system (20). The process source code (25) for a target system (2) arranged in the controller or regulator (1) is then generated, and also a description file (28, 29) in HTML and/or XML format which, among other things, describes the parameters for the controller or regulator (1). Tags which characterize the parameters are used in the description file (28, 29). The description file (28, 29) is then converted, in a web server generator (30), into data and source code (31, 34) for a web server (5) which can run on the target system (2). In this context, the web server generator (30) and/or web server (5) use/uses the tags to insert input and output elements which can be used for setting and reading the respective parameters.