Abstract: The invention discloses processes for thermal transfer patterning of a nanoparticle layer and a corresponding proximate portion of a carrier layer, and optionally additional transfer layers, together onto a thermal imaging receiver. The invention is useful for dry fabrication of electronic devices. Additional embodiments of the invention include multilayer thermal imaging donors comprising in layered sequence: a base film, a carrier layer and a nanoparticle layer. The carrier layer can be a dielectric or conducting layer. When the carrier layer is a dielectric layer, the base film includes a light attenuating agent in the form of a dye or pigment.

Abstract: Disclosed are compositions comprising: at least one monomer of the formula: where SiR?RR? is SiCl3, Si(alkyl)Cl2, Si(alkyl)(O-alkyl)2, or Si(O-alkyl)3; n and y are each 0 or an integer from 1 to 10; and at least one particle comprising silica, alumina, zirconia, or mixtures thereof.

Abstract: Processes for preparing dibutyl ethers from isobutanol using an ionic liquid.

Abstract: Processes for the preparation of dialkyl ethers from C4 to C8 straight-chain alcohols using an ionic liquid.

Abstract: Processes for preparing dialkyl ethers from C4 to C8 straight-chain alcohols using an ionic liquid.

Abstract: Processes for preparing dibutyl ethers from 2-butanol using an ionic liquid.

Abstract: Processes for preparing dibutyl ethers from isobutanol using an ionic liquid.

Abstract: Methods for purifying an aqueous hydrochloric acid solution waste stream having an impurity fraction comprising an initial Ti fraction, an initial S fraction and an initial Si fraction; that provide purified aqueous hydrochloric acid solutions having a final Ti fraction of less than 250 ppm, a final S fraction of less than 200 ppm, and a final Si fraction of less than 10 ppm, which may be determined with inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy. Process steps in various embodiments include sparging with an gas; mixing the sparged solution with a precipitation agent comprising a sufficient amount of an alkali earth metal salt and, optionally, a phosphoric acid source, to provide a metal salt precipitate; and mixing the initial aqueous acid solution or, optionally, the sparged aqueous acid solution, with a flocculating polymer. A preferred alkali earth metal salt is barium chloride and preferred flocculating polymers are poly(diallyldialkylammonium chloride) homopolymers and copolymers.

Abstract: A process for manufacture of hydrofluoroalkanesulfonic acid with at least one hydrogen bonded to the carbon atom adjacent to the carbon atom bonded to the sulfonic acid group comprising: contacting a fluoroolefin with sulfite in an aqueous solution adjusted to about pH 4 to pH 12; removing water from the solution to form a solid; directly treating the solid with oleum; and distilling the hydrofluoroalkanesulfonic acid therefrom. Also a process for manufacture of potassium hydrofluoroalkanesulfonate in high purity is described.

Abstract: This invention relates to compounds useful as ionic liquids that are based on an N-substituted pyrrolidinone and incorporate a pendant ammonium cation that is spaced from the pyrrolidone ring by a variable length linker.

Abstract: This invention relates to compounds useful as ionic liquids that are based on an N-substituted pyrrolidinone and incorporate a pendant ammonium cation that is spaced from the pyrrolidone ring by a variable length linker, which compounds may be represented by the structure of the following Formula I: wherein: (a) Z is —(CH2)n—, wherein n is an integer from 2 to 12; (b) R2, R3 and R4 are each independently H or a C1 to C6 straight-chain or branched alkyl group; and (c) A?is levulinate, —[CF3—O—CFHCF2SO3]—, [CF3CF2OCFHCF2SO3]—, or [CF3CF2CF2OCFHCF2SO3]—.

Abstract: Sugar solutions are obtained from polysaccharide enriched biomass by contacting biomass with water and at least one nucleophilic base to produce a polysaccharide enriched biomass comprising a solid fraction and a liquid fraction. The solid fraction is separated from the lignin-containing liquid fraction and contacted with an acid solution, the acid solution comprising about 70 weight percent to about 100 weight percent sulfuric acid or an acid mixture comprising phosphoric acid and sulfuric acid, at a temperature and for a reaction time sufficient to produce a decrystallized biomass mixture. Water is added and the diluted biomass mixture is then hydrolyzed to produce a saccharification product comprising sugars.

Abstract: A process for manufacture of hydrofluoroalkanesulfonic acid with at least one hydrogen bonded to the carbon atom adjacent to the carbon atom bonded to the sulfonic acid group comprising: contacting a fluoroolefin with sulfite in an aqueous solution adjusted to about pH 4 to pH 12; removing water from the solution to form a solid; directly treating the solid with oleum; and distilling the hydrofluoroalkanesulfonic acid therefrom. Also a process for manufacture of potassium hydrofluoroalkanesulfonate in high purity is described.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for treating biomass to produce sugars. The process is directed to decrystallizing cellulose by contacting biomass with an acid mixture comprising sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid at particular molar ratios. Following decrystallization, the biomass may be hydrolyzed with the acid mixture to produce a saccharification product comprising sugars.

Abstract: The present invention relates to compositions of matter that are useful as ionic liquids. The compositions of the invention are based on an N-substituted pyrrolidinone, said pyrrolidinone having a pendant ammonium cation that is separated from the pyrrolidone ring by a variable length alkyl spacer. The compositions comprise fluoroalkyl sulfonate anions.

Abstract: The present invention relates to compositions of matter that are ionic liquids, the compositions comprising any of eleven cations combined with any of three fluorinated sulfonated anions. Compositions of the invention should be useful as solvents and, perhaps, as catalysts for many reactions, including aromatic electrophilic substitution, nitration, acylation, esterification, etherification, oligomerization, transesterification, isomerization and hydration.

Abstract: The invention is directed to an electrode, suitable for use in a fuel cell, consisting of a microporous current collector incorporating a multitude of domains and wherein each domain contains soluble redox catalyst.

Abstract: The present invention relates to compositions of matter that are ionic liquids, the compositions comprising any of eleven cations combined with any of three fluorinated sulfonated anions. Compositions of the invention should be useful as solvents and, perhaps, as catalysts for many reactions, including aromatic electrophilic substitution, nitration, acylation, esterification, etherification, oligomerization, transesterification, isomerization and hydration.

Abstract: The present invention relates to compositions of matter that are ionic liquids, the compositions comprising any of eleven cations combined with any of three fluorinated sulfonated anions. Compositions of the invention should be useful as solvents and, perhaps, as catalysts for many reactions, including aromatic electrophilic substitution, nitration, acylation, esterification, etherification, oligomerization, transesterification, isomerization and hydration.

Abstract: The present invention relates to compositions of matter that are ionic liquids, the compositions comprising any of eleven cations combined with any of three fluorinated sulfonated anions. Compositions of the invention should be useful as solvents and, perhaps, as catalysts for many reactions, including aromatic electrophilic substitution, nitration, acylation, esterification, etherification, oligomerization, transesterification, isomerization and hydration.