Abstract: A heating element unit for an electric resistance heater comprises: a casing; a heating element within the casing; and an electrical insulator between the heating element and the casing. In some embodiments, the electrical insulator comprises first and second layers, the second layer having a greater dielectric strength than the first layer, and the second layer having: a dielectric strength of greater than about 1500 kV/m (greater than about 40 V/mil). In some embodiments, the electrical insulator comprises an electrically-insulating granular material and has a dielectric strength greater than about 1500 kV/m (greater than about 40 V/mil).

Abstract: The present document describes a diagnostic system for localizing faults in diagnostics in a workshop. The diagnostic system takes into account both trivial and costly intermittent fault situations. It is characterized by a structured module concept for the software architecture. Division into localization of quasi-steady-state and intermittent faults is carried out by reference to classification of the diagnostic tasks. The first-mentioned problems can be solved by means of a systematic procedure using all the available information. The modular software architecture with strict separation of protected data and imprecise information supports the guided troubleshooting process. Current methods which operate according to the prior art are used in individual modules of the software architecture. The advantages of the known system diagnostics, such as compression of the suspected components are utilized and expanded.