Abstract: A pedal unit 10 in one embodiment includes a case 190, a foot lever 100, and an elastic member 155. The foot lever 100 includes a first portion 100r located inside the case 190 and a second portion 100f located outside the case 190. The foot lever 100 is rotatably arranged with respect to the case 190. A center of rotation is located between the first portion 100r and the second portion 100f. The elastic member 155 is arranged within the case 190 and provides a force against the first portion 100r.

Abstract: A pedal device includes a case, a foot lever including a first portion located inside the case and a second portion located outside the case, the foot lever being arranged to be rotatable with respect to the case, a center of rotation of the foot lever being located between the first portion and the second portion, a first sensor detecting a position of the foot lever between a rest position and an end position, and a reaction force member contacting with the foot lever and applying a reaction force while the foot lever rotates from the rest position to the end position, the reaction force member being located corresponding to a portion opposite to the center of rotation of the first portion.

Abstract: A pedal unit according to an embodiment includes a first foot lever, a shaft serving as a center of rotation of the first foot lever, and a bearing paired with the shaft. The shaft or the bearing includes a first member arranged on at least a portion of surfaces in contact with each other, and a second member formed of a material different from the first member and supporting the first member from a side opposite the surfaces. The surfaces are included in an inner area of a width of the first foot lever when the first foot lever is viewed perpendicular to the shaft. The first member and the second member are fixed in a sliding direction of the shaft and the bearing.

Abstract: An electron beam apparatus is offered which is capable of being used optimally over a wide range of electron beam currents. A method of controlling this apparatus is also offered. The apparatus has an electron emitter for producing an electron beam. The beam is collimated or slightly converged (made a real-image mode beam) by the first condenser lens. As a result, the amount of the electron beam limited by the anode electrode can be reduced to a minimum. The excitation of the first condenser lens is fixed to parallel beam conditions and so movement of the virtual electron source is prevented. This can enhance the axial accuracy.

Abstract: An electron beam apparatus is offered which is capable of being used optimally over a wide range of electron beam currents. A method of controlling this apparatus is also offered. The apparatus has an electron emitter for producing an electron beam. The beam is collimated or slightly converged (made a real-image mode beam) by the first condenser lens. As a result, the amount of the electron beam limited by the anode electrode can be reduced to a minimum. The excitation of the first condenser lens is fixed to parallel beam conditions and so movement of the virtual electron source is prevented. This can enhance the axial accuracy.

Abstract: A method of separating a liquid by pervaporation, which includes purifying a liquid to be treated by at least one pervaporation membrane module unit providing a supply line connected to the pervaporation membrane module unit and supplying the liquid to be treated to the membrane module unit, utilizing a withdrawing line for withdrawing the permeated fluid from the membrane module unit and a withdrawing line for withdrawing the non-permeated liquid, wherein the supply line is provided with a pressure pump for transporting the liquid and a heater, and providing the final withdrawing line for the non-permeated liquid with a pressure regulating valve.

Abstract: An apparatus for separating a liquid by pervaporation, which comprises at least one pervaporation membrane module unit for purifying a liquid to be treated, a supply line connected to said pervaporation membrane module unit for supplying the liquid to be treated to the membrane module unit, a withdrawing line for withdrawing the permeated fluid from the membrane module unit and a withdrawing line for withdrawing the non-permeated liquid, wherein said supply line is provided with a pressure pump for transporting the liquid and a heater, and the final withdrawing line for the non-permeated liquid is provided with a pressure regulating valve.

Abstract: An apparatus for separating a liquid by pervaporation, which comprises at least one pervaporation membrane module unit for purifying a liquid to be treated, a supply line connected to said pervaporation membrane module unit for supplying the liquid to be treated to the membrane module unit, a withdrawing line for withdrawing the permeated fluid from the membrane module unit and a withdrawing line for withdrawing the non-permeated liquid, wherein said supply line is provided with a pressure pump for transporting the liquid and a heater, and the final withdrawing line for the non-permeated liquid is provided with a pressure regulating valve.

Abstract: A method of separating a liquid mixture wherein the liquid mixture is heated; the heated liquid mixture is supplied to a pervaporation membrane module to separate a permeable component of the liquid; a portion of non-permeated liquid is circulated through a circulation pipe into a liquid mixture feeding pipe before a heater, and the remaining portion of the non-permeated liquid is extracted to the outside of the system, and wherein the temperature of the liquid in the liquid mixture feeding pipe in which the non-permeated liquid has been mixed with the liquid mixture or in the circulation pipe for the non-permeated liquid, is measured, and when the measured temperature is out of a predetermined range, new supply of the liquid mixture and/or extraction of the non-permeated liquid is stopped.

Abstract: A hydrophilic drying liquid such as isopropyl alcohol is evaporated and supplied to an object to be dried such as an electronic component. As the drying liquid is condensed on the surface of the object and flows down together with water adhering to the object, the object is dried. Water contained in the condensate is removed by means of a membrane-type separator disposed in the liquid or vapor of the drying liquid. A rise in the water concentration in the drying liquid is prevented so as to maintain high drying efficiency.