Abstract: When a photocurrent is detected by irradiating a main light reflected on a manuscript and a biasing light, on a photo-sensing device, the material of the photo-sensing device of the present invention has a response characteristic of a photocurrent to time, a rise characteristic of the response characteristic being S-shaped, and thereby to obtain a superior response characteristic of the photo-sensing device.

Abstract: Steam introduced into a turbine casing from a steam inlet is longitudinally divided and each divided steam portion flows in respective first stages which are disposed on the shaft adjacent to each other. The shaft and a plurality of disks which are manufactured independently are made integral by a thermal shrink. In order to reduce the thermal distortion effects on the shaft caused by keys interconnecting the disks and shaft, first key grooves formed on an outer surface of the shaft and an inner surface of the disks of one first stage and a first key closely disposed in the first key grooves are arranged in symmetry with respect to the center of the shaft, to second key grooves formed on an inner surface of the disk of the other first stage with a second key closely disposed in the second grooves. Other preferred embodiments include dummy grooves and keys to balance the thermal distortion effects of the keys interconnecting the disks and shaft.

Abstract: An FM-AM converter in which the FM signal is applied to a slope filter in a transmission system. The resulting amplitude modulated FM signal is applied to a circuit that derives a control signal corresponding to the mean value of the amplitude modulated FM signal and uses this control signal to control either the gain of the FM signal applied to the slope filter or the frequency response of the slope filter so that the amplitude of the amplitude modulated FM signal will have a predetermined mean value.