Abstract: An optical device includes a first substrate having a first surface, a second substrate having a second surface, at least one optical waveguide, and a plurality of spacers, disposed on at least either the first surface or the second surface, that include a first portion and a second portion. The first portion of the plurality of elastic spacers is at least one elastic spacer located in a region between the first substrate and the second substrate in which the first substrate and the second substrate overlap each other as seen from an angle parallel with a direction perpendicular to the first surface. The second portion of the plurality of elastic spacers is at least one elastic spacer located in a region in which the first substrate and the second substrate do not overlap each other as seen from an angle parallel with the direction perpendicular to the first surface.

Abstract: A control apparatus includes multiple processor cores connected to: a monitor that monitors whether a first processor core, the first processor core being any processor core among the multiple processor cores, is operating normally; and a memory having multiple storage areas pre-associated with each of the multiple processor cores. Each of the multiple processor cores periodically writes and updates information to the corresponding storage area in the memory, the information indicating that each of the processor cores is operating normally, and the first processor core determines whether the information in each of the storage areas in the memory has been updated by each of the multiple processor cores, and controls the monitor on the basis of a result of the determination.

Abstract: A power source apparatus includes a plurality of batteries, a chassis having an inner space surrounded by a plurality of wall surfaces including a first lateral wall surface, a first vertical wall surface, a second lateral wall surface, a second vertical wall surface and storing the batteries in the inner space, and a blower having a blowing portion to blow air. The power source apparatus further includes an air introduction path formed between the first lateral wall surface and the batteries and configured to introduce the air to the batteries. The blowing portion is arranged between the batteries and the second lateral wall surface and is closer to the second vertical wall surface than to a position at which the separation distance is maximized.

Abstract: A power source apparatus includes a plurality of batteries, a blower having a blowing portion arranged on one side of the batteries, the blower being configured to blow air from the blowing portion, a chassis having an inner space surrounded by a plurality of wall surfaces that include a first wall surface and a second wall surface and storing the batteries in the inner space. The power source apparatus includes an air introduction path formed between the first wall surface and the batteries, the air introduction path being configured to introduce the air to the batteries, and a flow path formed between the second wall surface and the batteries, the flow path being configured to introduce the air blown from the blower to the air introduction path, the air introduction path having at least partially a first cross-sectional area larger than a second cross-sectional area of the flow path.

Abstract: A work machine includes an engine, a motor-generator, a battery, a power detector, a temperature detector, and circuitry. The engine is to move the work machine. The motor-generator is to move the work machine and to generate electric power. The battery is to store the electric power generated by the motor-generator. The power detector is to detect a charge level of the electric power stored in the battery. The temperature detector is to detect a temperature of the battery. The circuitry is configured to control the motor-generator in accordance with the charge level selectively to move the work machine or to generate electric power when the temperature of the battery detected by the temperature detector is within a temperature range.

Abstract: A power source apparatus of the present invention includes a battery module, a housing constituting a first chamber configured to house the battery module, the housing having a bracket configured to house and arrange a plurality of the battery modules in parallel, a chassis constituting an inner space surrounded by a plurality of wall surfaces, the chassis storing the housing in the inner space, a blower disposed inside the chassis, the blower being configured to blow air, and a second chamber disposed between the wall surfaces and the bracket and configured to pass the air to an intake portion of the blower, the air having passed through the first chamber. A length of the bracket is longer than a distance between the wall surfaces in a direction of parallel arrangement of the plurality of battery modules, the wall surfaces constituting an inner surface of the second chamber.

Abstract: A power source apparatus includes a battery module including a plurality of battery cells, a housing forming a housing chamber to house and arrange a plurality of the battery modules in parallel, a blower to blow air, an inter-module path formed between the battery modules adjacent to each other; and an inter-cell path formed between the battery cells adjacent to each other. The housing includes an intake portion to take the air into the housing chamber, and a sending portion to send the air from the housing chamber. The inter-module path has a first inter-module path serving as a path into which the air is introduced. The sending portion is separated, adjacent to at least one battery module, from the first inter-module path such that the air flows in the inter-cell paths of a plurality of the battery modules arranged next to the first inter-module path and adjacent each other.

Abstract: A work machine includes a machine body, an engine, a rotary electrical device, and an electric power controller. The engine is provided on the machine body to move the machine body. The rotary electrical device is provided on the machine body to move the machine body. The electric power controller is disposed above the rotary electrical device in a height direction along a height of the work machine to control the rotary electrical device.

Abstract: A work machine includes a machine body, an engine, a rotary electrical device, and a battery. The engine is provided on the machine body to move the machine body. The rotary electrical device is provided on the machine body to move the machine body and to generate electric power. The battery is to be charged by the rotary electrical device and to discharge electric power to the rotary electrical device to move the machine body. The battery being is provided adjacent to the engine.

Abstract: A power source apparatus includes a battery module including a plurality of battery cells, a housing forming a housing chamber to house and arrange a plurality of the battery modules in parallel, a blower to blow air, an inter-module path formed between the battery modules adjacent to each other; and an inter-cell path formed between the battery cells adjacent to each other. The housing includes an intake portion to take the air into the housing chamber, and a sending portion to send the air from the housing chamber. The inter-module path has a first inter-module path serving as a path into which the air is introduced. The sending portion is separated, adjacent to at least one battery module, from the first inter-module path such that the air flows in the inter-cell paths of a plurality of the battery modules arranged next to the first inter-module path and adjacent each other.

Abstract: A power source apparatus includes a plurality of batteries, a blower having a blowing portion arranged on one side of the batteries, the blower being configured to blow air from the blowing portion, a chassis having an inner space surrounded by a plurality of wall surfaces that include a first wall surface and a second wall surface and storing the batteries in the inner space. The power source apparatus includes an air introduction path formed between the first wall surface and the batteries, the air introduction path being configured to introduce the air to the batteries, and a flow path formed between the second wall surface and the batteries, the flow path being configured to introduce the air blown from the blower to the air introduction path, the air introduction path having at least partially a first cross-sectional area larger than a second cross-sectional area of the flow path.

Abstract: A power source apparatus includes a plurality of batteries, a chassis having an inner space surrounded by a plurality of wall surfaces including a first lateral wall surface, a first vertical wall surface, a second lateral wall surface, a second vertical wall surface and storing the batteries in the inner space, and a blower having a blowing portion to blow air. The power source apparatus further includes an air introduction path formed between the first lateral wall surface and the batteries and configured to introduce the air to the batteries. The blowing portion is arranged between the batteries and the second lateral wall surface and is closer to the second vertical wall surface than to a position at which the separation distance is maximized.

Abstract: A power source apparatus of the present invention includes a battery module, a housing constituting a first chamber configured to house the battery module, the housing having a bracket configured to house and arrange a plurality of the battery modules in parallel, a chassis constituting an inner space surrounded by a plurality of wall surfaces, the chassis storing the housing in the inner space, a blower disposed inside the chassis, the blower being configured to blow air, and a second chamber disposed between the wall surfaces and the bracket and configured to pass the air to an intake portion of the blower, the air having passed through the first chamber. A length of the bracket is longer than a distance between the wall surfaces in a direction of parallel arrangement of the plurality of battery modules, the wall surfaces constituting an inner surface of the second chamber.

Abstract: Provided is a control unit (1) for setting, for respective electronic throttles (11) and (12) provided for respective cylinders, respective ranges of a difference between a target rpm and an engine rpm where the electronic throttles (11) and (12) are not operated as a first dead zone and a second dead zone, determining, for each of the electronic throttles (11) and (12), whether or not the difference between the target rpm and the engine rpm is in the dead zone, preventing the electronic throttle determined to have the difference in the dead zone from operating, and determining, for the electronic throttle determined to have the difference exceeding the dead zone, a control gain for the electronic throttle depending on the magnitude of the difference, thereby operating the electronic throttle.

Abstract: A work machine includes an engine, a motor-generator, a battery, a power detector, a temperature detector, and circuitry. The engine is to move the work machine. The motor-generator is to move the work machine and to generate electric power. The battery is to store the electric power generated by the motor-generator. The power detector is to detect a charge level of the electric power stored in the battery. The temperature detector is to detect a temperature of the battery. The circuitry is configured to control the motor-generator in accordance with the charge level selectively to move the work machine or to generate electric power when the temperature of the battery detected by the temperature detector is within a temperature range.

Abstract: A work machine includes a machine body, an engine, a rotary electrical device, and a battery. The engine is provided on the machine body to move the machine body. The rotary electrical device is provided on the machine body to move the machine body and to generate electric power. The battery is to be charged by the rotary electrical device and to discharge electric power to the rotary electrical device to move the machine body. The battery being is provided adjacent to the engine.

Abstract: A work machine includes a machine body, an engine, a rotary electrical device, and an electric power controller. The engine is provided on the machine body to move the machine body. The rotary electrical device is provided on the machine body to move the machine body. The electric power controller is disposed above the rotary electrical device in a height direction along a height of the work machine to control the rotary electrical device.

Abstract: An intake air mass estimation unit is provided that sets predetermined degrees of crank angle to an angle that can divide an intake stroke into a plurality of sections, measures at every the predetermined degrees of crank angle the pressure downstream of the throttle valve and the time taken for the predetermined degrees of crank angle rotation, estimates the intake air mass flowing from the upstream to downstream of the throttle valve at every the predetermined degrees of crank angle, using the pressure downstream of the throttle valve and the time taken for the predetermined degrees of crank angle rotation measured at every the predetermined degrees of crank angle, and integrates the intake air mass at every the predetermined degrees of crank angle for 720 degrees of crank angle rotation, thereby estimating the intake air mass needed for one combustion.

Abstract: A motorcycle's transmission control device is provided in which, in a case of a clutchless shift operation, disengagement of a fit of gears of a transmission and the fit of subsequent gears thereof can be smoothly achieved. A throttle operation unit controls the degree of opening of a throttle valve to become a first throttle opening-degree when a clutchless shifting unit determines that a clutchless down-shift operation can be implemented, and controls the degree of opening of the throttle valve to become a second throttle opening-degree when the clutchless shifting unit determines that a fit between shift gears is disengaged by the clutchless down-shift operation.

Abstract: An intake air mass estimation unit is provided that sets predetermined degrees of crank angle to an angle that can divide an intake stroke into a plurality of sections, measures at every the predetermined degrees of crank angle the pressure downstream of the throttle valve and the time taken for the predetermined degrees of crank angle rotation, estimates the intake air mass flowing from the upstream to downstream of the throttle valve at every the predetermined degrees of crank angle, using the pressure downstream of the throttle valve and the time taken for the predetermined degrees of crank angle rotation measured at every the predetermined degrees of crank angle, and integrates the intake air mass at every the predetermined degrees of crank angle for 720 degrees of crank angle rotation, thereby estimating the intake air mass needed for one combustion.