Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a semiconductor substrate, including: (a) preparing an epitaxial substrate having a nitride semiconductor layer formed on a first main surface of a growth substrate and preparing a first support substrate, forming a resin adhesive layer between the first main surface of the growth substrate and a first main surface of the first support substrate, and bonding the epitaxial substrate to the first support substrate; (b) thinning a second main surface of the growth substrate; (c) forming a first protective thin film layer on the thinned growth substrate; (d) forming a second protective thin film layer on the first support substrate; (e) removing the thinned growth substrate; (f) bonding a second support substrate onto the nitride semiconductor layer; and (g) removing the first support substrate and the resin adhesive layer.

Abstract: A monitoring area is scanned by an area sensor device (e.g., an optical distance meter) detects objects. Moving objects are identified among the detected objects, and, among the identified moving objects, a moving object which is present in the monitoring area and which has been newest identified is set as a tracking target. The moving object which has been set at the tracking target is automatically tracked by a camera device. As a result, even if there are present a plurality of moving objects in the monitoring area, tracking targets can be switched from one to another, so that it is possible to designate, as a tracking target, a moving object desired by an observer.

Abstract: A monitoring area is scanned by an area sensor device (e.g., an optical distance meter) detects objects. Moving objects are identified among the detected objects, and, among the identified moving objects, a moving object which is present in the monitoring area and which has been newest identified is set as a tracking target. The moving object which has been set at the tracking target is automatically tracked by a camera device. As a result, even if there are present a plurality of moving objects in the monitoring area, tracking targets can be switched from one to another, so that it is possible to designate, as a tracking target, a moving object desired by an observer.

Abstract: In a monitoring apparatus, a monitoring area is scanned by an area sensor device to detect objects. Moving objects are identified among the detected objects, and, among the identified moving objects, a moving object which is the closest to a priority monitoring object which is preset in the monitoring area is set as a tracking target. The object which is set to be tracked is automatically tracked by a camera device. As a result, even if there are present a plurality of moving objects in the monitoring area, tracking targets are switched from one to another, so that it is possible to set a moving object desired by an observer.

Abstract: A monitoring area is scanned by an area sensor device (e.g., an optical distance meter) detects objects. Moving objects are identified among the detected objects, and, among the identified moving objects, a moving object which is present in the monitoring area and which has been newest identified is set as a tracking target. The moving object which has been set at the tracking target is automatically tracked by a camera device. As a result, even if there are present a plurality of moving objects in the monitoring area, tracking targets can be switched from one to another, so that it is possible to designate, as a tracking target, a moving object desired by an observer.

Abstract: In a monitoring apparatus, an optical sensor senses objects present in a sensing area, and moving speeds and moving directions of the objects are calculated based on changes with time in positional information of the sensed objects. An object which meets a predetermined moving condition is determined as a moving object. Hence an entrance of the moving object into the sensing area can be monitored. In this apparatus, by a determining section, it is determined whether or not an object is sensed in an area (after-passage sensing area) which is set to include positions adjacent to positions through which the sensed moving object has passed. When the object has been sensed in the area, by the determining section, it is further determined whether or not the object has remained for a predetermined determination period of time or more. This determined result is outputted by an outputting section.

Abstract: A seat heater device initiates power supply upon operation of a switch by a seat occupant within a vehicle interior and includes a heater for warming installed in a seat within the vehicle interior and a control unit for controlling energization of the heater for warming. The control unit includes a low-voltage detecting means for detecting whether an input voltage is a regular drive voltage value of the control unit or a voltage value lower than a predetermined voltage value and a switching element that is turned on when the low-voltage detecting means detects the regular drive voltage value of the control unit and turned off when the low-voltage detecting means detects a voltage value lower than the predetermined voltage value. This configuration can avoid heat generation of the switching element even if a leakage occurs in an electronic circuit within the switch due to, for example, insulation failure.

Abstract: A monitoring area is scanned by an area sensor device (e.g., an optical distance meter) detects objects. Moving objects are identified among the detected objects, and, among the identified moving objects, a moving object which is present in the monitoring area and which has been newest identified is set as a tracking target. The moving object which has been set at the tracking target is automatically tracked by a camera device. As a result, even if there are present a plurality of moving objects in the monitoring area, tracking targets can be switched from one to another, so that it is possible to designate, as a tracking target, a moving object desired by an observer.

Abstract: In a monitoring apparatus, an optical sensor senses objects present in a sensing area, and moving speeds and moving directions of the objects are calculated based on changes with time in positional information of the sensed objects. An object which meets a predetermined moving condition is determined as a moving object. Hence an entrance of the moving object into the sensing area can be monitored. In this apparatus, by a determining section, it is determined whether or not an object is sensed in an area (after-passage sensing area) which is set to include positions adjacent to positions through which the sensed moving object has passed. When the object has been sensed in the area, by the determining section, it is further determined whether or not the object has remained for a predetermined determination period of time or more. This determined result is outputted by an outputting section.

Abstract: In a monitoring apparatus, a monitoring area is scanned by an area sensor device to detect objects. Moving objects are identified among the detected objects, and, among the identified moving objects, a moving object which is the closest to a priority monitoring object which is preset in the monitoring area is set as a tracking target. The object which is set to be tracked is automatically tracked by a camera device. As a result, even if there are present a plurality of moving objects in the monitoring area, tracking targets are switched from one to another, so that it is possible to set a moving object desired by an observer.

Abstract: A seat heater device initiates power supply upon operation of a switch by a seat occupant within a vehicle interior and includes a heater for warming installed in a seat within the vehicle interior and a control unit for controlling energization of the heater for warming. The control unit includes a low-voltage detecting means for detecting whether an input voltage is a regular drive voltage value of the control unit or a voltage value lower than a predetermined voltage value and a switching element that is turned on when the low-voltage detecting means detects the regular drive voltage value of the control unit and turned off when the low-voltage detecting means detects a voltage value lower than the predetermined voltage value. This configuration can avoid heat generation of the switching element even if a leakage occurs in an electronic circuit within the switch due to, for example, insulation failure.

Abstract: An earth leakage circuit breaker includes a level discriminator operable to compare an output level of a zero-phase-sequence current transformer placed in an electric circuit with each of a plurality of reference levels set in advance and output a plurality of pulses each indicating a time period during which the output level of the zero-phase-sequence current transformer has exceeded one of the plurality of reference levels; a duration counting portion operable to count a time period during which each of the plurality of pulses is being continuously outputted from the level discriminator; a circuit interruption determiner having a plurality of circuit-breaking levels associated with respective reference levels and operable to output a signal to break the electric circuit when the time period obtained from the duration counting portion has exceeded each of the circuit-breaking levels; and a relay coil-driving circuit operable to drive the coil of a circuit cutout relay in response to the signal outputted from

Abstract: Provided are a toilet seat device saving energy and accurately stabilizing the temperature of a seating section at a predetermined level in a short time, and a toilet apparatus having the same. A control section adjusts the temperature of a toilet seat section to 18° C. when a heating function is turned on, and during a standby period D1, the control section performs low electric power drive of a lamp heater provided at the toilet seat section. The control section starts 600 W drive of the lamp heater at time t1 after the control section detects user's entry into a room, and the control section maintains the 600 W drive during an inrush current reduction period D2. The control section starts 1200 W drive of the lamp heater at time t2 and maintains the 1200 W drive during a first temperature rise period D3.

Abstract: Provided are a toilet seat device saving energy and accurately stabilizing the temperature of a seating section at a predetermined level in a short time, and a toilet apparatus having the same. A control section adjusts the temperature of a toilet seat section to 18° C. when a heating function is turned on, and during a standby period D1, the control section performs low electric power drive of a lamp heater provided at the toilet seat section. The control section starts 600 W drive of the lamp heater at time t1 after the control section detects user's entry into a room, and the control section maintains the 600 W drive during an inrush current reduction period D2. The control section starts 1200 W drive of the lamp heater at time t2 and maintains the 1200 W drive during a first temperature rise period D3.

Abstract: In a noncontact information carrier reader, a receiving unit receives a response wave transmitted from a noncontact information carrier. The response wave is generated by modulating the carrier wave based on a response signal. An amplifying unit amplifies carrier wave components contained in the received response wave based on a first gain, and amplifies response signal components contained in the received response wave based on a second gain. The second gain is higher than the first gain. A synchronized-detection demodulator demodulates the response signal components contained in the response wave by mixing the transmitted carrier wave and the response wave amplified by the amplifying unit.

Abstract: In a noncontact information carrier reader, a receiving unit receives a response wave transmitted from a noncontact information carrier. The response wave is generated by modulating the carrier wave based on a response signal. An amplifying unit amplifies carrier wave components contained in the received response wave based on a first gain, and amplifies response signal components contained in the received response wave based on a second gain. The second gain is higher than the first gain. A synchronized-detection demodulator demodulates the response signal components contained in the response wave by mixing the transmitted carrier wave and the response wave amplified by the amplifying unit.

Abstract: An IC card reader is provided for reading data stored in an IC card with radio communication and inputting the data into, for example, a personal computer. The IC card reader includes a card holder and a fastening mechanism which attaches the card holder to a data reading table detachably. This structure provides for ease of usage of the card reader to a user in two selectable modes. In the first mode, the stored data may be inputted into the computer only by passing the IC card over the data reading table instantaneously. In the second mode, the user may insert the IC card into the card holder fitted on the data reading table to transmit data to the compute through radio communication.

Abstract: An IC card reader is provided for reading data stored in an IC card with radio communication and inputting the data into, for example, a personal computer. The IC card reader includes a card holder and a fastening mechanism which attaches the card holder to a data reading table detachably. This structure provides for ease of usage of the card reader to a user in two selectable modes. In the first mode, the stored data may be inputted into the computer only by passing the IC card over the data reading table instantaneously. In the second mode, the user may insert the IC card into the card holder fitted on the data reading table to transmit data to the compute through radio communication.

Abstract: A reader/writer (RW) requires identification of anti-collision techniques used by IC cards (A, B, C, and D). The IC cards implement answers to the anti-collision technique identification requirement by the reader/writer at different timings respectively for respective IC cards among the IC cards which use different anti-collision techniques respectively. The reader/writer requires identifications of types of the IC cards in dependence upon the anti-collision techniques in response to the answers by the IC cards. The IC cards return identification data thereof in response to the card type identification requirements by the reader/writer for respective IC cards among the IC cards which use different anti-collision techniques respectively. The reader/writer identifies the types of the IC cards in response to the identification data of the respective IC cards.

Abstract: A reader/writer (RW) requires identification information pieces of respective plural IC cards (A, B, C). The plural IC cards return the respective identification information pieces in response to the requirement by the reader/writer. Logical addresses are assigned to some IC cards among the plural IC cards respectively to cause the reader/writer to select them in response to the return of the identification information pieces by the plural IC cards. The IC cards selected by the reader/writer are controlled. The reader/writer cancels the assignment of the logical address to one of the selected IC cards. The logical address, the assignment of which has been canceled by the reader/writer, is assigned to an IC card among the plural IC cards to which any logical address has not been assigned yet. The IC card to which the logical address has just been assigned is controlled.