Abstract: In a normally closed electromagnetic valve (100A, 100B, 100C, 100D), a rod (112,212) is supported so as to be able to move in a first direction toward a valve seat (114b) as well as in a second direction away from the valve seat (114b). This rod (112,212) closes off the hydraulic fluid path when seated on the valve seat (114b), and opens up the hydraulic fluid path when away from the valve seat (114b). When current is not being supplied to a coil (130), a first armature (116,216) pushes the rod (112,212) in the first direction using urging force of a first spring (122). When current is being supplied to the coil (130), the first armature (116,216) moves in the second direction, and the second armature (118) pushes the rod (112,212) in the first direction using electromagnetic force corresponding to the amount of the current.

Abstract: A brake control apparatus (20) includes: a hydraulic pressure source (30) that regulates pressure of hydraulic fluid in accordance with a brake operation input (24,25); a wheel cylinder (23) that applies braking force to a wheel (22) in response to a supply of the hydraulic fluid to the wheel cylinder 823); a hydraulic pressure booster mechanism (31) that amplifies the brake operation input by using the hydraulic pressure source (30), and outputs the amplified brake operation input; a hydraulic fluid supply path (63) through which the hydraulic fluid is supplied from the hydraulic pressure source (30) to the wheel cylinder (23); and a controller (70) that shuts off (valve 66) a flow of the hydraulic fluid-through the hydraulic fluid supply path (63), if a malfunction due to hydraulic fluid leakage is detected in the hydraulic fluid supply path (63) during a brake control mode in which the hydraulic fluid is supplied to the wheel cylinder (23) through the hydraulic fluid supply path (63).

Abstract: A member (1) resistant to erosion by cavitation on which an amorphous carbon film coating is formed on a surface of a base material has at least a first amorphous carbon film coating (4) having a plurality of columnar structures (4a) on the surface of the base material (2), and a second amorphous carbon film coating (5) having a plurality of granular structures (5a) deposited with no orientation on the surface of the first amorphous carbon film coating (4).

Abstract: A carbon thin film manufacturing method includes depositing an intermediate layer on a surface of a substrate, and forming a diamond-like carbon coating on a surface of the intermediate layer. In the carbon thin film manufacturing method, a bias voltage within a range of 0 V to ?30 V is applied to the substrate during the deposition of the intermediate layer.

Abstract: A suspension apparatus includes a fluid cylinder for a wheel of a vehicle; at least one of a first controller and a second controller; and a third controller. The fluid cylinder for the wheel of the vehicle is provided between a wheel-holding device that holds the wheel and the vehicle body. The first controller includes (a) an accumulator connected to the fluid cylinder; and (b) an electromagnetic control valve provided between the accumulator and the fluid cylinder. The second controller includes (a) a fluid source that includes a high-pressure source and a low-pressure source; and (b) an electromagnetic control valve, provided between the fluid source and the fluid cylinder, which controls the flow of fluid between the fluid cylinder and the fluid source. The third controller suppresses the pulsation of the fluid caused by operating the electromagnetic control valve included in at least one of the first controller and the second controller.