Abstract: A method for manufacturing a semiconductor device includes forming a first stacked body having a plurality of first material films and a plurality of second material films that are alternately stacked, in a divided region of a semiconductor wafer including a chip region in which a semiconductor element is provided and the divided region between the adjacent chip regions, a plurality of times in a normal line direction of a substrate surface of the semiconductor wafer. The semiconductor wafer is fragmented by a blade having a width wider than the width of the first stacked body.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device includes forming a plurality of recess portions on a first surface of a support. Each recess portion is between protrusion portions on the first surface. A stacked body is then placed into each of the recess portions. The stacked body is a plurality of semiconductor chips stacked on each other or the like. The recess portions are filled with a resin layer. The resin layer covers the stacked bodies inside the recess portions. A protrusion portion of the support is irradiated with a laser beam to form a modified portion in the protrusion portion. The support is divided along the protrusion portions into separate pieces.

Abstract: A nonaqueous electrolyte composition containing at least one organic isocyanide of formula (I) R—NC, wherein: R is selected from R1, (CH2)nL, and NP(R1)3; L is selected from carboxylic ester groups, S-containing groups, N-containing groups, and P-containing groups which are substituted by one, two or three R1; R1 is selected independently from C1-C10 alkyl, C3-C10 (hetero)cycloalkyl, C2-C10 alkenyl, C3-C7 (hetero)cycloalkenyl, C2-C10 alkynyl, C5-C7 (hetero)aryl, and C6-C13 (hetero)aralkyl, and n is an integer from 1 to 10; with proviso that C3-C10 (hetero)cycloalkyl is not morpholinyl.

Abstract: A fuel cell has an anode, a cathode, and a polymer electrolyte membrane placed between the anode and the cathode. The anode includes a catalyst which is composed of binary or ternary particulates deposited on a carbon support. The particulate is represented by a general formula: Pt—P, wherein Ru is optionally present. The content of P is in a range of 2 mol % to 50 mol % based on the total moles of Pt or Pt—Ru. The diameter of the catalyst particulates is in range from 1 to 3 nm.

Abstract: A fuel cell includes a fuel electrode, an oxygen electrode, and a polymer electrolyte membrane placed between the fuel electrode and the oxygen electrode. The fuel electrode and/or the oxygen electrode include a catalyst composed of a particle containing at least Pt and P and a carbon support.

Abstract: A fuel cell has an anode, a cathode, and a polymer electrolyte membrane placed between the anode and the cathode. The anode includes a catalyst which is composed of binary or ternary particulates deposited on a carbon support. The particulate is represented by a general formula: Pt—P, wherein Ru is optionally present. The content of P is in a range of 2 mol % to 50 mol % based on the total moles of Pt or Pt—Ru. The diameter of the catalyst particulates is in range from 1 to 3 nm.

Abstract: A fuel cell includes a fuel electrode, an oxygen electrode, and a polymer electrolyte membrane placed between the fuel electrode and the oxygen electrode. The fuel electrode and/or the oxygen electrode include a catalyst composed of a particle containing at least Pt and P and a carbon support.

Abstract: A magnetic recording medium comprises an information-recording film and a ferromagnetic film on a substrate. The information-recording film is composed of, for example, an amorphous ferrimagnetic material having perpendicular magnetization. Further, the ferromagnetic film is composed of a magnetic material which has saturation magnetization larger than that of the information-recording film. Accordingly, the leak magnetic flux from the ferromagnetic film is larger than that from the information-recording film. The magnetic recording medium and a magnetic recording apparatus are obtained, which are excellent in thermal stability and which are preferred to perform super high density recording.

Abstract: A magneto-optical recording medium comprises a recording layer 5, an intermediate layer 4, and a reproducing layer 3. The reproducing layer 3 is formed of a rare earth transition metal alloy in which rare earth metal is dominant, and each of the intermediate layer 4 and the recording layer 5 is formed of a rare earth transition metal alloy in which transition metal is dominant. The intermediate layer 4 exhibits in-plane magnetization at a temperature of not less than 140° C. Therefore, the intermediate layer 4 cuts off the exchange coupling force between the recording layer 5 and the reproducing layer 3 during the reproduction. A magnetic domain 3A, which is transferred to the reproducing layer 3, is expanded to a size of a minimum magnetic domain diameter by the magnetostatic repulsive force exerted between the magnetic domain in the intermediate layer 4 and the magnetic domain in the reproducing layer.

Abstract: While a magneto-optical recording medium is irradiated with a laser beam, the medium is rotated relative to the beam at a controlled speed in such a manner that a high temperature region of a heat spot produced on the basis of the light intensity distribution of the beam is formed outside the associated light spot. A magnetic field source includes a magnetic field generator which is narrow in the direction along the track of the medium. The field source is positioned with the field generator at the heat center outside the light spot to apply a narrow recording magnetic field to the high temperature region. This forms a recording magnetic domain in the high temperature region. The magnetic domain is rectangular and narrow in the direction along the track. Rectangular recording magnetic domains adjoining in the direction along the track hardly interfere with each other even if they are closely spaced. This results in high density recording.

Abstract: A recording method for recording information on a recording layer of a magneto optical recording medium by radiating a recording light beam onto the medium while applying a magnetic field in a recording direction to the medium. The method includes applying a magnetic field having a magnetic field strength H1 in the recording direction when recording a record mark having a mark length A on the recording layer, and applying a magnetic field have a magnetic field strength H2 in the recording direction when recording a record mark having a mark length B (B≠A) on the recording layer. Independent of the lengths of the magnetic domains recorded on the recording layer, the record information can be transferred to a reproducing layer making it possible to reproduce high density record information.

Abstract: Disclosed are a reproducing method and a reproducing apparatus capable of performing reproduction with a wide power margin, as well as a recording method and a recording apparatus preferably used for super high density recording. A recording and reproducing apparatus 101 principally comprises a magnetic field-applying unit, a laser beam-radiating section, and a signal processing system. A magnetic coil 29, which is provided for the magnetic field-applying unit, is arranged so that its axis of magnetic field generation 102 is oblique to a surface of an information-recording medium 100. A reproducing magnetic field is applied in an oblique direction to the surface of the information-recording medium 100 by using the magnetic coil 29 while radiating a reproducing light beam to the medium by using the laser beam-radiating section. Accordingly, the leak magnetic field in the in-plane direction from a recording magnetic domain in a recording layer is amplified.

Abstract: A bit of binary information which is one of the “1” and “0” is assigned to a domain pattern which is a combination of a recorded magnetic domain and a magnetic domain magnetized in the direction opposite to the direction in which the recording domain is magnetized. A bit of binary information which is the other of “1” and “0” is assigned to a domain pattern consisting of two magnetic domains magnetized in the same direction as the foregoing magnetic domain is magnetized. Consequently, two or more consecutive bits of record information are formed, on a recording layer, as a series of domain patterns each of which is a combination, as a record information unit, of a recorded magnetic domain and a magnetic domain magnetized in the direction opposite to the direction in which the recording domain is magnetized. Independent of the lengths of the magnetic domains recorded on the recording layer, the record information can be transferred to a reproducing layer.

Abstract: The magneto-optical recording medium has a magnetic domain magnification reproducing layer and an information recording layer. Clock marks are formed on the information recording layer, making it possible to generate a reproducing clock on the basis of these. The clock marks are detected either by irradiating directly with light of wavelength &lgr;2(&lgr;1≠&lgr;2), being different from the light of wavelength &lgr;1 which is used for reproducing the recording marks, or by applying a direct-current magnetic field, transferring and enlarging the clock marks on to the magnetic domain magnification reproducing layer, and detecting the reproduction signals from this magnetic domain magnification reproducing layer. Since the reproducing clock is in exact synchronisation with the recording marks, it is eminently suitable as a clock for pulse-modulated reproducing light and reproducing magnetic fields used when reproducing the reproducing layer.

Abstract: A bit of binary information which is one of “1” and “0” is assigned to a domain pattern which is a combination of a recorded magnetic domain and a magnetic domain magnetized in the direction opposite to the direction in which the recording domain is magnetized. A bit of binary information which is the other of “1” and “0” is assigned to a domain pattern consisting of two magnetic domains magnetized in the same direction as the foregoing magnetic domain is magnetized. Consequently, two or more consecutive bits of record information are formed, on a recording layer, as a series of domain patterns each of which is a combination, as a record information unit, of a recorded magnetic domain and a magnetic domain magnetized in the direction opposite to the direction in which the recording domain is magnetized. Independent of the lengths of the magnetic domains recorded on the recording layer, the record information can be transferred to a reproducing layer.