Abstract: The present invention relates to a laminate including a film A, a film B, and a film C in this order via adhesive layers, in which the adhesive layers includes an adhesive layer AB and an adhesive layer BC, the adhesive layer AB exists between the films A and B, and the adhesive layer BC exists between the films B and C, a maximum value of a thermal shrinkage rate of the film B at 150° C. for 30 minutes is 0.1% or more and 3.0% or less, the adhesive layer AB and the adhesive layer BC each have a Martens hardness of 1.0 N/mm2 or more and 4.0 N/mm2 or less, and an adhesion area ratio between the films A and B via the adhesive layer AB and an adhesion area ratio between the films B and C via the adhesive layer BC are both 95% or more.

Abstract: A physical amount estimating apparatus including first outputting means for outputting a first physical amount that does not include a hysteresis characteristic, second outputting means for outputting a second physical amount that has a predetermined physical relationship to the first physical amount and includes a hysteresis characteristic, hysteresis removing means for calculating a corrected value with the hysteresis characteristic removed therefrom based on the second physical amount, and estimating means for estimating a third physical amount based on a physical relationship between the first physical amount and the corrected value.

Abstract: A tire parameter estimation device that is economical and can accurately estimate tire parameters while taking into consideration both states of a vehicle and states of a road environment. A &mgr; gradient detecting circuit detects a &mgr; gradient on the basis of a wheel speed detected by a wheel speed detecting circuit. A gradient value comparing circuit determines a &mgr; gradient section value &mgr;r, which is a mean value of the &mgr; gradients from the &mgr; gradient detecting circuit, and calculates a rate (=&mgr;r/&mgr;I) of the &mgr; gradient mean value &mgr;r with respect to a &mgr; gradient initial value &mgr;. A tire temperature estimating circuit stores a table representing the relation between the rate and a tire temperature, and estimates a tire temperature corresponding to the rate calculated by the gradient value comparing circuit as the present tire temperature.

Abstract: A physical amount estimating apparatus including first outputting means for outputting a first physical amount that does not include a hysteresis characteristic, second outputting means for outputting a second physical amount that has a predetermined physical relationship to the first physical amount and includes a hysteresis characteristic, hysteresis removing means for calculating a corrected value with the hysteresis characteristic removed therefrom based on the second physical amount, and estimating means for estimating a third physical amount based on a physical relationship between the first physical amount and the corrected value.

Abstract: A tire parameter estimation device that is economical and can accurately estimate tire parameters while taking into consideration both states of a vehicle and states of a road environment. A &mgr; gradient detecting circuit detects a &mgr; gradient on the basis of a wheel speed detected by a wheel speed detecting circuit. A gradient value comparing circuit determines a &mgr; gradient section value &mgr;r, which is a mean value of the &mgr; gradients from the &mgr; gradient detecting circuit, and calculates a rate (=&mgr;r/&mgr;I) of the &mgr; gradient mean value &mgr;r with respect to a &mgr; gradient initial value &mgr;. A tire temperature estimating circuit stores a table representing the relation between the rate and a tire temperature, and estimates a tire temperature corresponding to the rate calculated by the gradient value comparing circuit as the present tire temperature.

Abstract: A differential detector (2) reproduces a spreading code (S2) of a received signal (S1). A digital correlator (4) calculates a correlation value between the reproduced spreading code (S2) and a reference spreading code (S3) by collating bit by bit. The timing when the correlation value exceeds a predetermined threshold value (D2) means that the reproduced spreading code (S2) and the reference spreading code (S3) match in phase. A phase of the reproduced spreading code (S2), or a phase of the received signal (S1), is discriminated at that timing. A multiplier (8) outputs a modulated signal (S6) by multiplying the received signal (S1) bit by bit in phase by a spreading code (S5) which has the same code as the reference spreading code (S3). In result, a spreading code with an accurate code sequence and phase is obtained for despreading, and theoretical process-gain is obtained.

Abstract: A torque sensor which can detect instantaneous output torque of the engine is disposed on the output shaft of the engine, and the output signal thereof is frequency-analyzed to extract a half synchronous frequency component having a frequency equals to a half of the number of the revolutions of the engine per second and a synchronous frequency component having a frequency equals to the number of the revolutions of the engine per second, the electronic control unit (ECU) of the engine determines the misfiring mode of the engine including the number of the misfiring cylinders and the interval thereof in the firing order of the engine based on the amplitude of the frequency components and the waveform thereof, then the ECU determines the misfiring cylinders based on the determined misfiring mode and the phase angle of the frequency components of the torque sensor relative to a reference crank angle signal.

Abstract: An engine knocking meter detects a pressure in a cylinder by a pressure sensor, clips a detected signal by a clipping circuit to cut low level noises, supplies an output signal of the clipping circuit to a filter circuit to eliminate noises having frequencies which lie beyond a frequency band of a knocking signal, and supplies an output signal of the filter circuit to a gate which is driven within a given crank angle under the control of a signal from a crank angle sensor mounted on a crank shaft of an engine, for separating the knocking signal.