Abstract: A pattern is formed by coating a first positive resist composition comprising a copolymer comprising lactone-containing recurring units and acid labile group-containing recurring units onto a substrate to form a first resist film, patternwise exposure, PEB, and development to form a first resist pattern, applying an amine or oxazoline compound to the first resist pattern for inactivation, coating a second positive resist composition comprising a C3-C8 alcohol and an optional C6-C12 ether onto the first resist pattern-bearing substrate to form a second resist film, patternwise exposure, PEB, and development to form a second resist pattern.

Abstract: A pattern is formed by applying a first positive resist material onto a substrate, heat treating, exposing to high-energy radiation, heat treating, then developing with a developer to form a first resist pattern; applying a protective coating solution comprising a hydrolyzable silicon compound having an amino group onto the first resist pattern and the substrate, heating to form a protective coating; and applying a second positive resist material thereon, heat treating, exposing to high-energy radiation, heat treating, and then developing with a developer to form a second resist pattern. By forming the second pattern in a space portion of the first pattern, this double patterning reduces the pattern pitch to one half.

Abstract: A positive resist composition comprises (A) a resin component which becomes soluble in an alkaline developer under the action of an acid and (B) an acid generator. The resin (A) is a polymer comprising recurring units containing a non-leaving hydroxyl group represented by formula (1) wherein R1 is H, methyl or trifluoromethyl, X is a single bond or methylene, m is 1 or 2, and the hydroxyl group attaches to a secondary carbon atom. The composition is improved in resolution when processed by lithography.

Abstract: A positive resist composition comprises (A) a resin component which becomes soluble in an alkaline developer under the action of an acid and (B) an acid generator. The resin (A) is a polymer comprising recurring units containing a non-leaving hydroxyl group represented by formula (1) wherein R1 is H, methyl or trifluoromethyl, m is 1 or 2, and the hydroxyl group attaches to a tertiary carbon atom. The composition is improved in resolution when processed by lithography.

Abstract: A positive resist composition comprises (A) a resin component which becomes soluble in an alkaline developer under the action of an acid and (B) an acid generator. The resin (A) is a polymer comprising recurring units containing a non-leaving hydroxyl group represented by formula (1) wherein R1 is H, methyl or trifluoromethyl, Y is H or OH, at least one Y being OH, and the wavy line indicates an indefinite direction of the bond. The composition is improved in resolution when processed by lithography.

Abstract: A positive resist composition comprises (A) a resin component which becomes soluble in an alkaline developer under the action of an acid and (B) an acid generator. The resin (A) is a polymer comprising recurring units containing a non-leaving hydroxyl group represented by at least one of formulae (1-1) to (1-3) wherein R1 is H, methyl or trifluoromethyl, X is a single bond or methylene, Y is hydroxyl or hydroxymethyl, and m is 0, 1 or 2. The composition is improved in resolution when processed by lithography.