Abstract: A secondary battery comprises a pair of collectors made of a valve action metal, a pair of electrodes comprising a sulfuric acid aqueous solution, a separator and an outer can. Each collector is covered with an oxide film of a thickness of 1.7-10 nm. The oxide film is formed in a range of from 30% by area or more to less than 100% by area relative to the surface area of the collector. Each collector has one electrode disposed thereon.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrode containing a quinoxaline resin and an electrolyte which includes at least one of sulfuric acid ions and sulfonic acid ions, or the electrolyte which includes cations having ion radius of not more than 3 angstroms.

Abstract: A secondary battery of a proton conductive polymer, wherein a positive electrode and a negative electrode are arranged facing to each other via a separator in an electrolyte and only a proton or a proton of a hydroxyl group in an indole trimer and a &pgr; conjugated polymer, i.e., an active material of electrode in the positive electrode and in the negative electrode participates in a charge/discharge, and a proton concentration is 5 to 40% and an anion concentration is 30 to 60% in the solution, respectively, and the anion concentration is at least higher than the proton concentration.

Abstract: A secondary battery of a proton conductive polymer, wherein a positive electrode 2 and a negative electrode 4 are arranged facing to each other via a separator in an electrolytic solution and only a proton in a &pgr; conjugated polymer or a proton of a hydroxyl group in a hydroxyl-containing macromolecular as an active material of an electrode in the positive and negative electrodes participates in a charge/discharge; the secondary battery uses a membrane, which has acid resistance, oxidation resistance and a functional group having cation exchange function, as the separator 3.

Abstract: Electroconductive polymers of different kinds are doped with an anion which is the same as that derived from a single acid that occupies the most part of an electrolytic solution of a polymer battery. A cathode and an anode are manufactured from the electroconductive polymers. These electrodes and a protonic acid having a pKa value in a first dissociation stage in water of at least pKa<2 as the single acid that occupies the most part of the electrolytic solution. Use of the electrodes and the electrolytic solution of the protonic acid can give rise to a polymer battery that is prevented from deterioration of characteristics of its electrodes with a lapse of time accompanied by repeated charging and discharging and retains high operation voltage as well as improved cycle characteristics and discharge current density.

Abstract: A subject name of a personal certificate is used to easily perform access control. An authentication unit implements an authentication procedure between a client terminal and a web server. The authentication unit receives a certificate from the client terminal for executing the authentication procedure, and its subject name is supplied to an element extracting unit. The element extracting unit follows a hierarchy structure of the subject name to extract a predetermined element. A right determining unit determines an access right for accessing a document based on a type and a value of the element extracted, and allocates this to a session number. A right registering unit registers a relation between the session number and the access right. Thereafter, while the session continues, an access right is allowed based on the session number.

Abstract: The present invention provides a secondary battery and a capacitor which may provide an excellent high rate and cycle characteristic as well as sufficient electromotive force and capacity. The secondary battery and a capacitor have an active material of an electrode comprising a trimer compound comprising three units of indole or indole derivatives in condensed ring form, wherein the second position and the third position of each unit form a six-membered ring, and a proton which can be utilized as a charge carrier of the trimer compound.

Abstract: A method of producing a conductive polymer comprises the following steps of depositing a solid-state organic compound and contacting a collector with an electrolytic solution thereby to cause an electrolytic polymerization of said organic compound.