Abstract: Optical device includes first substrate being light transmissive, second substrate opposing first substrate and being light transmissive, and light distribution layer disposed between first substrate and second substrate and distributing incident light. Light distribution layer includes uneven structure portion having a plurality of projections repeated in the z axial direction parallel to the main face of first substrate, and optical medium portion containing a birefringent material and disposed to fill a plurality of recesses that are spaces between the plurality of projections. Light blocking component configured to block at least part of incident light is disposed in the plurality of recesses.

Abstract: An optical device includes a first electrode, a second electrode, a refractive index adjustment layer, and a textured layer. The first electrode is light-transmissive. The second electrode is light-transmissive and electrically paired with the first electrode. The refractive index adjustment layer is provided between the first electrode and the second electrode and has a refractive index that is adjustable in an arbitrary wavelength band from the visible light range to the near-infrared range. The textured layer gives the refractive index adjustment layer an uneven surface and is in the form of a film. The refractive index adjustment layer is variable between a transparent state and a state of distributing incident light.

Abstract: An optical device includes: a pair of base members (a first base member and a second base member) having a light transmittance; a pair of electrodes (a first electrode and a second electrode) having a light transmittance and located between the pair of base members; a first free-surface film including an inorganic material and disposed above one of the pair of electrodes; a second free-surface film including an inorganic material and disposed above another of the pair of electrodes; and a liquid crystal layer located between the first free-surface film and the second free-surface film (32).

Abstract: Optical device includes first substrate being light transmissive, second substrate opposing first substrate and being light transmissive, and light distribution layer disposed between first substrate and second substrate and distributing incident light. Light distribution layer includes uneven structure portion having a plurality of projections repeated in the z axial direction parallel to the main face of first substrate, and optical medium portion containing a birefringent material and disposed to fill a plurality of recesses that are spaces between the plurality of projections. Light blocking component configured to block at least part of incident light is disposed in the plurality of recesses.

Abstract: An optical device includes a first substrate which is light-transmissive, a second substrate which is light-transmissive and opposes the first substrate, a light distribution layer which is interposed between the first substrate and the second substrate and distributes incident light, and an optical element which is disposed on one of a surface of the second substrate on a side opposite to a side facing the first substrate and a surface of the first substrate on a side opposite to a side facing the second substrate. The light distribution layer includes an optical medium containing a birefringent material and an uneven structure. The optical element has an optical property of reducing an amount of at least one of first polarized light and second polarized light that differ in a polarization direction.

Abstract: An optical device includes a first substrate having light transmission properties, a second substrate opposing the first substrate and having light transmission properties, and an optical control layer disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate and including a first light-transmitting portion that includes an optical medium and an uneven structure and a second light-transmitting portion that includes only the optical medium out of the optical medium and the uneven structure. The optical medium and the uneven structure have different refractive indices. In a plan view, the first light-transmitting portion and the second light-transmitting portion are repeatedly arranged in one direction, and the area of repetition of at least one of the first light-transmitting portion and the second light-transmitting portion varies in the one direction.

Abstract: An optical device includes a first optical adjuster, a second optical adjuster, and a phase modulation layer. The optical adjuster includes: an electrode; a counter electrode; a refractive index adjustment layer that has a refractive index changing in response to an electric field, is changeable between a transparent state and a state in which the refractive index adjustment layer distributes incident light, and has refractive index anisotropy; and a textured layer that gives the refractive index adjustment layer an uneven surface. The refractive index adjustment layer is provided between the electrode and the counter electrode and contains liquid crystals. The first optical adjuster and the second optical adjuster are arranged in the thickness direction of the optical device.

Abstract: An optical device includes a first electrode, a second electrode, a refractive index adjustment layer, and a textured layer. The first electrode is light-transmissive. The second electrode is light-transmissive and electrically paired with the first electrode. The refractive index adjustment layer is provided between the first electrode and the second electrode and has a refractive index that is adjustable in an arbitrary wavelength band from the visible light range to the near-infrared range. The textured layer gives the refractive index adjustment layer an uneven surface and is in the form of a film. The refractive index adjustment layer is variable between a transparent state and a state of distributing incident light.

Abstract: The organic electroluminescence element includes: a moisture-proof substrate; a light emitting stack including a first electrode, a light emitting layer, and a second electrode; and an enclosing member bonded to the substrate to enclose the stack. The element further includes a light-outcoupling structure provided on a side of the substrate facing the first electrode and having an uneven structure made of material having a refractive index almost equal to or lower than a refractive index of the substrate. The uneven structure includes a plane divided into a matrix of sections, and multiple protruded parts having almost same heights individually allocated to desired sections of the matrix. With regard to an arbitrary region of the plane, a ratio of a total area of one or some of the multiple protruded parts in the arbitrary region to an area of the arbitrary region is almost constant.

Abstract: The organic electroluminescence element includes: a moisture-proof substrate; a light emitting stack including a first electrode, a light emitting layer, and a second electrode; and an enclosing member bonded to the substrate to enclose the stack. The element further includes a light-outcoupling structure provided on a side of the substrate facing the first electrode and having an uneven structure made of material having a refractive index almost equal to or lower than a refractive index of the substrate. The uneven structure includes a plane divided into a matrix of sections, and multiple protruded parts having almost same heights individually allocated to desired sections of the matrix. With regard to an arbitrary region of the plane, a ratio of a total area of one or some of the multiple protruded parts in the arbitrary region to an area of the arbitrary region is almost constant.

Abstract: A composite substrate includes a moisture-proof substrate, and a resin substrate pasted on a surface of the moisture-proof substrate. The resin substrate is formed to be smaller than the moisture-proof substrate in planar view. An end side of the resin substrate is an inclined face that is inclined inward. In an organic electroluminescence device, an organic light-emitting multilayer provided on a surface of the resin substrate is sealed with a sealing member. A moisture-proof film coats at least part of the surface of the resin substrate in which no lead-out electrode is formed.

Abstract: Provided is a method of preparing an organic electroluminescent element. The method includes: a roughening step of roughening a surface of a moisture-proof substrate; a composite substrate-forming step of placing a resin film on the roughened surface of the moisture-proof substrate to form a composite substrate; an electroluminescent laminate-forming step of forming an organic electroluminescent laminate on a surface of the composite substrate; and a covering step of covering the organic electroluminescent laminate with a covering substrate that is larger than the resin film in a plan view. It gives a highly reliable organic electroluminescent element superior in light-outcoupling efficiency that is effectively resistant to water penetration and to degradation.

Abstract: The organic electroluminescence element in accordance with the present invention includes: a substrate; a light-outcoupling layer situated on a surface of the substrate; a light-emitting layer situated on a face on an opposite side of the light-outcoupling layer from the substrate; a sealing base situated facing the face of the light-outcoupling layer; and a sealing bond formed to enclose the light-emitting layer and bond the sealing base to the face of the light-outcoupling layer. The light-outcoupling layer includes: a first portion where the light-emitting layer is situated; a second portion where the sealing bond is situated; and a groove spatially separating the first portion from the second portion.

Abstract: A composite substrate includes a moisture-proof substrate, and a resin substrate pasted on a surface of the moisture-proof substrate. The resin substrate is formed to be smaller than the moisture-proof substrate in planar view. An end side of the resin substrate is an inclined face that is inclined inward. In an organic electroluminescence device, an organic light-emitting multilayer provided on a surface of the resin substrate is sealed with a sealing member. A moisture-proof film coats at least part of the surface of the resin substrate in which no lead-out electrode is formed.

Abstract: In a liquid crystal display device capable of realizing a viewing angle equivalent to the Braun tube and for controlling display with an electric field in parallel with a substrate surface, a liquid crystal display device is provided which is less in unevenness of display and homogeneous in luminance. A liquid crystal display device has a pair of transparent substrates arranged oppositely through a liquid crystal, means for regulating a direction of initial alignment of the liquid crystal, and a pixel electrode and a counter electrode formed spaced from each other in each pixel region on a liquid crystal side surface of the transparent substrate, wherein an electric field is given between the pixel electrode and the counter electrode to thereby control an amount of light transmitting in the crystal liquid between the electrodes.

Abstract: An active matrix display device comprises a plurality of pixels which are arranged in the form of a matrix on a substrate and each of which includes a display element and a pixel circuit which supplies the display element with a drive current, video signal lines arranged along the pixels, and a video signal driver which, after the supply of base currents to the video signal lines, supplies the pixels with gradation currents through the video signal lines. The pixel circuit includes a pixel switch which controls whether or not to select the pixel, stores the difference current between the gradation and base currents when the pixel is selected and outputs the stored difference current to the display element as the drive current when the pixel is nonselected.

Abstract: An active-type display device includes a plurality of video signal lines that are formed on a substrate, a plurality of pixels that are connected to the video signal lines and are operated by current signals, and a video signal driver that supplies video currents to the pixels via the video signal lines on the basis of data signals that are supplied from an external circuit. The video signal driver includes a plurality of DA units that sum up at least one of a plurality of gray-level reference currents, which are stored in constant current memory circuits, on the basis of the data signals, thereby executing conversion to the video current.

Abstract: An active matrix type liquid crystal display apparatus having a pair of substrates, a liquid crystal layer between the substrates, an orientation film a scanning signal electrode, an image signal electrode, a pixel electrode and an active device. Each of the electrodes is arranged so as to apply an electric field, mainly parallel to the substrates. At least one of the electrodes is disposed between at least two dielectric layers disposed above and below the at least one of the electrodes. The resistivity of the liquid crystal layer is set at a value sufficient to substantially prevent disturbance of the orientation of the liquid crystal layer due to static electricity.

Abstract: In a liquid crystal display device capable of realizing a viewing angle equivalent to the Braun tube and for controlling display with an electric field in parallel with a substrate surface, a liquid crystal display device is provided which is less in unevenness of display and homogeneous in luminance. A liquid crystal display device has a pair of transparent substrates arranged oppositely through a liquid crystal, means for regulating a direction of initial alignment of the liquid crystal, and a pixel electrode and a counter electrode formed spaced from each other in each pixel region on a liquid crystal side surface of the transparent substrate, wherein an electric field is given between the pixel electrode and the counter electrode to thereby control an amount of light transmitting in the crystal liquid between the electrodes.

Abstract: An active matrix display device comprises a plurality of pixels which are arranged in the form of a matrix on a substrate and each of which includes a display element and a pixel circuit which supplies the display element with a drive current, video signal lines arranged along the pixels, and a video signal driver which, after the supply of base currents to the video signal lines, supplies the pixels with gradation currents through the video signal lines. The pixel circuit includes a pixel switch which controls whether or not to select the pixel, stores the difference current between the gradation and base currents when the pixel is selected and outputs the stored difference current to the display element as the drive current when the pixel is nonselected.