Abstract: A thermal management device is presently disclosed. The thermal management device includes an insulator with a maximum use temperature of at least 200 degrees Celsius, and a heating element having at least one heater leg, where the heater leg contacts the insulator and is configured to supply thermal energy. The heating element also has lead wires configured to provide a parallel electrical connection between the heater leg and a current source.

Abstract: A thermal management device is presently disclosed. The device includes a plurality of insulator panels with a maximum use temperature of at least 500 degrees Celsius, and a heating element having at least two heater legs electrically connected in parallel, each heater leg contacting at least one of the insulator panels, and lead wires configured to provide a parallel electrical connection between the heater legs and a current source. Also disclosed is a thermal management device having an insulator and a heating element, where each of the electrically parallel heater legs is configured to provide substantially uniform heat flux over at least one surface of the device. Also disclosed is an energy storage device that includes a plurality of energy storage cells, and a thermal management device configured to supply thermal energy to the cells.

Abstract: A thermal management device is presently disclosed. The thermal management device includes an insulator with a maximum use temperature of at least 200 degrees Celsius, and a heating element having at least one heater leg, where the heater leg contacts the insulator and is configured to supply thermal energy. The heating element also has lead wires configured to provide a parallel electrical connection between the heater leg and a current source.