Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a structural member for an aircraft or spacecraft, including a first part having a first material having a first coefficient of thermal expansion and a second part including a second material having a second coefficient of thermal expansion, wherein the first part and the second part are rigidly connected with each other, and wherein the second part is configured to induce forces in the first part upon a drop in temperature to counteract loading stresses. A corresponding method of forming a structural member is also provided.

Abstract: The apparatus of this invention relates to an optical counting apparatus which is to be employed in combination with an electronic handheld calculator. The structure of this invention greatly expands the use of the handheld calculator by permitting such to be employed as a measuring device and a unit counter. An optical device is activated by the difference between transmission of light and darkness. This activation is used as a counting apparatus or a measurer of distances with the accumulated count or the distance measure to be read on the dislay unit of the calculator.