Abstract: A financial instrument trading system is provided which allows for the establishment and trading of cryptographic difficulty-based financial instruments using physical delivery of the underlying cryptocurrency. The cryptographic difficulty-based financial instruments are based on an expected value including the predetermined reward per block of cryptocurrency, a predetermined hashrate, a predetermined financial instrument length, the predetermined nonce value of the underlying cryptocurrency, and the current difficulty level employed by the underlying cryptocurrency, and may vary as the difficulty level varies. The clearinghouse settlement system calculates daily variation margin in valuation of the financial instrument and provides for physical delivery of the underlying cryptocurrency to satisfy the variation margin.

Abstract: A financial instrument trading system is provided which allows for the establishment and trading of cryptographic difficulty-based financial instruments using physical delivery of the underlying cryptocurrency. The cryptographic difficulty-based financial instruments are based on an expected value including the predetermined reward per block of cryptocurrency, a predetermined hashrate, a predetermined financial instrument length, the predetermined nonce value of the underlying cryptocurrency, and the current difficulty level employed by the underlying cryptocurrency, and may vary as the difficulty level varies. The clearinghouse settlement system calculates daily variation margin in valuation of the financial instrument and provides for physical delivery of the underlying cryptocurrency to satisfy the variation margin.

Abstract: A blockchain enabled electronic futures trading system and method provided which allows for optional computerized delivery of cryptocurrency. A trade determination system allows a buyer and seller computer system to trade a future on a cryptocurrency such as bitcoin. Additionally, the trade determination system communicates with a central clearing computer system that allows the seller to provide, using the block chain, an amount of bitcoin equal to or greater than the underlying future by transferring the bitcoin from a seller bitcoin wallet associated with the seller computer system to a central clearing bitcoin wallet associated with the central clearing computer system. Upon the expiration date of the future, the seller may optionally select to provide to the buyer the bitcoin that was previously transferred to the central clearing bitcoin wallet instead of fiat currency. Additionally, the future may be associated with an upper boundary price and a lower boundary price.

Abstract: A financial instrument trading system is provided which allows for the establishment and trading of cryptographic difficulty-based financial instruments using physical delivery of the underlying cryptocurrency. The cryptographic difficulty-based financial instruments are based on an expected value including the predetermined reward per block of cryptocurrency, a predetermined hashrate, a predetermined financial instrument length, the predetermined nonce value of the underlying cryptocurrency, and the current difficulty level employed by the underlying cryptocurrency, and may vary as the difficulty level varies. The clearinghouse settlement system calculates daily variation margin in valuation of the financial instrument and provides for physical delivery of the underlying cryptocurrency to satisfy the variation margin.

Abstract: A blockchain-based, distributed ledger management system for interest bearing digital coins is provided. In the blockchain-based, distributed ledger management system, a custodial bank receives an electronic deposit of fiat currency from a customer that is entitled to periodic payment of interest. In response, a fiat coin issuer system activates a blockchain-based smart contract that creates fiat coin in proportion to the dollar value of the fiat currency. The fiat coin is then distributed to the public address of the customer on the blockchain. Later, when interest is due to be paid on the deposit of fiat currency, a blockchain node system executes a smart contract that calculates the interest amount due and generates additional fiat coin in proportion to the dollar value of the interest. The additional fiat coin is then distributed to the public address of the customer on the blockchain.

Abstract: Aircraft, air conditioning systems, and air diffusers that may be used to create a quiet, comfortable environment within an aircraft cabin are disclosed. The systems and apparatuses are configured to flow air at a rate that meets and/or exceeds the FAA minimum requirement of 0.55 lbs/min (about 250 g/min) per occupant. In use, even at higher flow rates, the systems and apparatuses are configured to create a quiet cabin experience, by contributing little to ambient cabin noise. Thus, the systems and apparatuses may be used to provide fresh air at a comfortable rate and a comfortable noise level.

Abstract: Aircraft, air conditioning systems, and air diffusers that may be used to create a quiet, comfortable environment within an aircraft cabin are disclosed. The systems and apparatuses are configured to flow air at a rate that meets and/or exceeds the FAA minimum requirement of 0.55 lbs/min (about 250 g/min) per occupant. In use, even at higher flow rates, the systems and apparatuses are configured to create a quiet cabin experience, by contributing little to ambient cabin noise. Thus, the systems and apparatuses may be used to provide fresh air at a comfortable rate and a comfortable noise level.