Abstract: A system and a method for image-based crop identification are disclosed. The image-based crop identification system includes a database, a communication module and a model library. The database stores sample aerial data and annotated aerial data. The communication module is coupled to the database, and is configured to provide the sample aerial data to a user and receive the annotated aerial data from the user. The model library is coupled to the database, and is configured to obtain the annotated aerial data, train a crop classification model based on the annotated aerial data, and provide the trained crop classification model for subsequent crop identification. The annotated aerial data include determination of the type of the crop appearing in the sample aerial data.

Abstract: Compounds of the formula which are useful in disease conditions mediated by TNF-?, such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, sepsis, AIDS, ulcerative colitis, multiple sclerosis, Crohn's disease and degenerative cartilage loss.

Abstract: A device for measuring dispersion of a link between two switching nodes of an optical network comprises a phase measuring unit PMU for determining a first phase of a data signal traveling on a first wavelength &lgr;1, and a second phase of the same data signal traveling on a second wavelength &lgr;2, received consecutively over the link under measurement. A dispersion measurement controller controls operation of the phase measuring unit and characterizes the dispersion of the link at a wavelength of interest &lgr;=(&lgr;1+&lgr;2)/2, based on the first and second phases. The PMU includes a frame detector for determining a first and a second rotation signal indicative of the digital offset between the first and second test clocks with a respective frame start, and a phase detector for measuring the phase of these test clocks with respect to a static reference. The static reference is provided by the same data signal transmitted continuously over a reference wavelength.

Abstract: Compounds of the formula 1

Abstract: A device for measuring dispersion of a link between two switching nodes of an optical network comprises a phase measuring unit PMU for determining a first phase of a data signal traveling on a first wavelength &lgr;1, and a second phase of the same data signal traveling on a second wavelength &lgr;2, received consecutively over the link under measurement. A dispersion measurement controller controls operation of the phase measuring unit and characterizes the dispersion of the link at a wavelength of interest &lgr;=(&lgr;1+&lgr;2)/2, based on the first and second phases. The PMU includes a frame detector for determining a first and a second rotation signal indicative of the digital offset between the first and second test clocks with a respective frame start, and a phase detector for measuring the phase of these test clocks with respect to a static reference. The static reference is provided by the same data signal transmitted continuously over a reference wavelength.

Abstract: The use of a co-propagating fiber Raman amplifier in an optical WDM transmission system has been found to be practical in the situation where the fiber amplifier is operated into depletion and the characteristics of the input signals are controlled to exhibit a reduced integrated relative intensity noise (RIN) over the fiber crosstalk bandwidth. In particular, the reduction in the integrated RIN can be achieved by increasing the number of input channels (by adding more messages or simply using dummy channels), encoding the data in a particular fashion to reduce the integrated RIN, or decorrelating the plurality of N input signals below a predetermined, relatively low frequency (for example, 2 MHz).

Abstract: The use of a co-propagating fiber Raman amplifier in an optical WDM transmission system has been found to be practical in the situation where the fiber amplifier is operated into depletion and the characteristics of the input signals are controlled to exhibit a reduced integrated relative intensity noise (RIN) over the fiber crosstalk bandwidth. In particular, the reduction in the integrated RIN can be achieved by increasing the number of input channels (by adding more messages or simply using dummy channels), encoding the data in a particular fashion to reduce the integrated RIN, or decorrelating the plurality of N input signals below a predetermined, relatively low frequency (for example, 2 MHz).

Abstract: A fiber Raman amplifier is configured to use a co-propagating Raman pump source, which may be beneficial in a variety of system configurations (for example, in bidirectional communication systems). By carefully configuring the pump source characteristics, sufficient optical gain can be achieved in the co-propagating arrangement, the characteristics including: (1) using an optical pump power of at least 50 mW, (2) having a relatively large spectral bandwidth within the pump (to suppress SBS); and (3) a frequency difference between all longitudinal pump modes of each pump laser being separated by at least the walk-off frequency between the pump laser frequency and the signal frequency, and all intense longitudinal modes between different pump lasers being separated by at least the electrical bandwidth of the communication system.

Abstract: A fiber Raman amplifier is configured to use a co-propagating Raman pump source, which may be beneficial in a variety of system configurations (for example, in bidirectional communication systems). By carefully configuring the pump source characteristics, sufficient optical gain can be achieved in the co-propagating arrangement, the characteristics including: (1) using an optical pump power of at least 50 mW, (2) having a relatively large spectral bandwidth within the pump (to suppress SBS); and (3) a frequency difference between all longitudinal pump modes of each pump laser being separated by at least the walk-off frequency between the pump laser frequency and the signal frequency, and all intense longitudinal modes between different pump lasers being separated by at least the electrical bandwidth of the communication system.