Abstract: A method is described or processing diamonds, either natural or artificially produced, by using a laser beam with minimal power output. The laser wavelength is fitted to the peak absorption wavelength of diamond, such as a helium-silver laser with a wavelength of 224 nm.

Abstract: A system (2) for non-invasive measurement of the osmolality of biological tissue fluid in a living specimen (3) includes an RF generator for generating RF signals and transmitting these via an appropriate antenna towards tissue of a living specimen. An RF receiver (8) is coupled to another antenna, for receiving and measuring the intensity the RF signals reflected from aforementioned tissue, and for feeding said intensity to a processor (10) for comparison of relative reflection intensities of at least two RF frequencies impinging on the tissue with a reference reflection ratio signal.

Abstract: Apparatus for detecting ionizing radiation includes a mobile telephone, including an imaging assembly, which includes a solid-state image sensor. A radiation converter is mounted in proximity to the image sensor and is configured to emit, in response to the ionizing radiation, lower-energy radiation for detection by the image sensor. A processor, contained in the mobile telephone, is configured to process images captured by the image sensor so as to assess an intensity of the ionizing radiation.

Abstract: A system for the production of localized audible sound, including a source of voltage oscillations in the ultrasonic frequency range, at a reference frequency. The voltage source is connected to a first ultrasonic transducer, emitting a first beam of ultrasonic waves (the reference beam) in a relatively narrow beam, in a desired direction. The same voltage source is connected to a phase shifter, feeding a second ultrasonic transducer from which an ultrasonic wave is emitted, of the same frequency and intensity as the reference beam, but phase shifted relative to it.

Abstract: Apparatus for detecting a fracture in a bone, the apparatus comprising: an electric field generator, configured to generate an electric field in proximity of the bone, at a predefined frequency range, the generated electric field being substantially parallel to longitudinal axis of the bone; an electric field measurer, associated with the electric field generator, and configured to measure intensity values of the generated electric field over the predefined frequency range, and an analyzer, associated with the electric field measurer, and configured to analyze the intensity values measured over the predefined frequency range, thereby to detect the fracture in the bone.

Abstract: A method for detection of an object, the method including irradiating a target with two electromagnetic wave energy beams, a first beam at a first frequency and a second beam at a second frequency, the first frequency being lower than the second frequency, both beams being polarized in a first direction, and determining a presence of an object by analyzing reflections of the first and second beams, wherein if there is a dominant reflection polarization in the first direction for both the first and second frequencies, then the target is considered not to have the object, and if there is a dominant reflection polarization in the first direction for only one of the first and second frequencies and a depolarized reflection at the other of the first and second frequencies, then the target is considered to have the object.

Abstract: A method for detection of an object, the method including irradiating a target with two electromagnetic wave energy beams, a first beam at a first frequency and a second beam at a second frequency, the first frequency being lower than the second frequency, both beams being polarized in a first direction, and determining a presence of an object by analyzing reflections of the first and second beams, wherein if there is a dominant reflection polarization in the first direction for both the first and second frequencies, then the target is considered not to have the object, and if there is a dominant reflection polarization in the first direction for only one of the first and second frequencies and a depolarized reflection at the other of the first and second frequencies, then the target is considered to have the object.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for measuring energetic, heavy ionizing particles, such as .alpha.-particles and protons in gaseous surroundings by scanning a transparent plate that had been exposed to radiation and then subjected to chemical etching with a focused laser light beam, and counting by means of computerized counting means laser light pulses emerging at the edge of the plate in consequence of total internal reflection of laser light scattered by radiation-induced etching pits.