Abstract: A method and device which operates to record and evaluate an output of electrical energy of a hybrid power plant, wherein, in accordance with time and/or load, at least one expected generable and usable energy contribution resulting from the utilization of renewable energy sources and one expected energy contribution resulting from the utilization of convention energy carriers are recorded with different tariffs.

Abstract: A method and device which operates to record and evaluate an output of electrical energy of a hybrid power plant, wherein, in accordance with time and/or load, at least one expected generable and usable energy contribution resulting from the utilization of renewable energy sources and one expected energy contribution resulting from the utilization of convention energy carriers are recorded with different tariffs.

Abstract: Provided is a control apparatus for determining a secondary/tertiary control power of a particular decentralized producer in a power supply system having a multiplicity of power producers, in which a subtractor is present such that a deviation of the locally measured or estimated frequency from the mains frequency is first of all determined, in which an amplifier is present, downstream of which an integrator with a limiter is connected, which, in addition to integration, ensures that a secondary/tertiary control power formed at the output of an integrator is limited, and in which the amplifier has a dead band, and/or the output of the integrator with the limiter is negatively fed back to the input of the integrator with the limiter via a feedback unit in which multiplication by a factor is carried out.

Abstract: A power balance-dependent operating parameter and a surroundings parameter of a first energy source, such as a renewable energy source, are provided. A variable target operating parameter for the first energy source is ascertained dependent on the detected surroundings parameter. The target operating parameter can characterize a first energy source state in which a maximally possible output would be generated under the current given conditions of the surroundings. The operating frequency is then controlled dependent on the detected power balance dependent operating parameter and the ascertained target operating parameter such that a deviation of the operating frequency from a specified frequency is coupled to a deviation of the detected power balance-dependent operating parameter from the ascertained target operating parameter.

Abstract: One or a plurality of sub-networks are defined in the communications network. Each of the sub-networks includes a plurality of network nodes from the communications network. One or a plurality of the sub-networks represent pre-determined sub-networks, in which respective pre-determined network nodes have both the function of a global slave node and the function of a local master node. The one or the other network nodes of the respective pre-determined sub-networks are local slave nodes. In addition to global synchronization using the global master node and the global slave nodes, local synchronization is also performed in the pre-determined sub-networks using the local master node and the local slave nodes. Thus, in the event of an error outside a pre-determined sub-network, the local synchronization may be continued, whereas the global synchronization is aborted. It is thus avoided that an erroneous synchronization is propagated into corresponding sub-networks.

Abstract: A method for the closed-loop control of a voltage in a distribution network that supplies nodes with voltage via mains power lines. A node, which recognizes that the local voltage of the distribution network present at the node lies above or below a permissible supply voltage range, switches from slave mode to master mode and in the master mode regulates the local voltage that is present, by drawing or supplying reactive power in order to reach the permissible supply voltage range. The node then indicates this to other nodes of the distribution network that are in slave mode by modulating an indication signal pattern onto the reactive power being drawn or supplied by the node. The signal pattern has a signal parameter which is proportional to the amplitude of the reactive power that is drawn or supplied by the node.

Abstract: A method for time synchronization in a communication network comprising a multiplicity of network nodes, wherein synchronization messages are transmitted in the communication network and the synchronization message received in a slave node contains synchronization information for synchronizing the slave time of the slave node with the master time, i.e., synchronization messages are transmitted in a closed ring or line topology and the slave node receives first and second synchronization messages from different transmission directions, and wherein the slave node synchronizes a first time with the synchronization message from one transmission direction and a second time with the synchronization message from the other transmission direction.

Abstract: A method for signaling and controlling in a power grid coupling a plurality of actuators for providing power signals is provided. At a first actuator, a voltage problem is detected, a communication signal is generated based on the detected voltage problem, and the generated communication signal is transmitted over the power grid. At a second actuator, the transmitted communication signal is received, a control action is generated based on the received communication signal and the generated control action is transmitted over the power grid towards the first actuator.

Abstract: Locating a frequency deviation in a communication network is provided. A node clock frequency is assigned to each internal clock of each network node. Messages are transmitted synchronizing the internal clocks. The synchronization messages are transmitted from one node to another in succession based on a reference clock frequency predefined by a reference clock. The synchronization messages include a reference clock count state of the reference clock. Synchronization deviations are calculated at predefined intervals of time. If the synchronization deviation of the middle network node exceeds a threshold value, a change in the reference clock frequency is detected if the synchronization deviations of adjacent nodes. Otherwise, a change in the node clock frequency of the middle network node is detected.

Abstract: A power balance-dependent operating parameter and a surroundings parameter of a first energy source, such as a renewable energy source, are provided. A variable target operating parameter for the first energy source is ascertained dependent on the detected surroundings parameter. The target operating parameter can characterize a first energy source state in which a maximally possible output would be generated under the current given conditions of the surroundings. The operating frequency is then controlled dependent on the detected power balance dependent operating parameter and the ascertained target operating parameter such that a deviation of the operating frequency from a specified frequency is coupled to a deviation of the detected power balance-dependent operating parameter from the ascertained target operating parameter.

Abstract: Locating a frequency deviation in a communication network is provided. A node clock frequency is assigned to each internal clock of each network node. Messages are transmitted synchronizing the internal clocks. The synchronization messages are transmitted from one node to another in succession based on a reference clock frequency predefined by a reference clock. The synchronization messages include a reference clock count state of the reference clock. Synchronization deviations are calculated at predefined intervals of time. If the synchronization deviation of the middle network node exceeds a threshold value, a change in the reference clock frequency is detected if the synchronization deviations of adjacent nodes. Otherwise, a change in the node clock frequency of the middle network node is detected.

Abstract: A method for signaling and controlling in a power grid coupling a plurality of actuators for providing power signals is provided. At a first actuator, a voltage problem is detected, a communication signal is generated based on the detected voltage problem, and the generated communication signal is transmitted over the power grid. At a second actuator, the transmitted communication signal is received, a control action is generated based on the received communication signal and the generated control action is transmitted over the power grid towards the first actuator.

Abstract: One or a plurality of sub-networks are defined in the communications network. Each of the sub-networks includes a plurality of network nodes from the communications network. One or a plurality of the sub-networks represent pre-determined sub-networks, in which respective pre-determined network nodes have both the function of a global slave node and the function of a local master node. The one or the other network nodes of the respective pre-determined sub-networks are local slave nodes. In addition to global synchronization using the global master node and the global slave nodes, local synchronization is also performed in the pre-determined sub-networks using the local master node and the local slave nodes. Thus, in the event of an error outside a pre-determined sub-network, the local synchronization may be continued, whereas the global synchronization is aborted. It is thus avoided that an erroneous synchronization is propagated into corresponding sub-networks.

Abstract: A method for the closed-loop control of a voltage in a distribution network that supplies nodes with voltage via mains power lines. A node, which recognizes that the local voltage of the distribution network present at the node lies above or below a permissible supply voltage range, switches from slave mode to master mode and in the master mode regulates the local voltage that is present, by drawing or supplying reactive power in order to reach the permissible supply voltage range. The node then indicates this to other nodes of the distribution network that are in slave mode by modulating an indication signal pattern onto the reactive power being drawn or supplied by the node. The signal pattern has a signal parameter which is proportional to the amplitude of the reactive power that is drawn or supplied by the node.

Abstract: Method, device and system for detecting a disturbance, e.g., at least one short mechanical impact (shock or vibration) on a clock of a slave device by detecting a non-typical variation of a tracking error, i.e., a tracking error having a deviation that exceeds a predetermined threshold, wherein such a non-typical variation can be determined by the deviation from a statistical measure, e.g., a variance or a standard deviation, such that the determination of the quality of a clock signal is advantageously allowed and thus suitable counter-measures are provided. The method, device and system are applicable for all kinds of technical systems comprising slave devices that have a clock, e.g., devices in industrial and automation systems. The method, device and system are also applicable in communication systems that use a protocol to synchronize the clocks of its devices, e.g., Profinet.

Abstract: A method for time synchronization in a communication network comprising a multiplicity of network nodes, wherein synchronization messages are transmitted in the communication network and the synchronization message received in a slave node contains synchronization information for synchronizing the slave time of the slave node with the master time, i.e., synchronization messages are transmitted in a closed ring or line topology and the slave node receives first and second synchronization messages from different transmission directions, and wherein the slave node synchronizes a first time with the synchronization message from one transmission direction and a second time with the synchronization message from the other transmission direction.

Abstract: A method for transmitting synchronization messages in a communications network including a plurality of nodes having a first node and at least one second node, wherein in order to take into account differences in a reference clock frequency of a reference clock and an internal clock frequency of an internal clock of the at least one second node, a compensation interval, with which the second clock count state is adjusted on measurement of a delay time, is subdivided into smaller compensation timespans, and the smaller compensation timespans are used to determine a compensated time value for the delay time with a high degree of accuracy, where the compensated time value is then used to update the time information in the synchronization message.

Abstract: A method for transmitting synchronization messages in a communications network including a plurality of nodes having a first node and at least one second node, wherein in order to take into account differences in a reference clock frequency of a reference clock and an internal clock frequency of an internal clock of the at least one second node, a compensation interval, with which the second clock count state is adjusted on measurement of a delay time, is subdivided into smaller compensation timespans, and the smaller compensation timespans are used to determine a compensated time value for the delay time with a high degree of accuracy, where the compensated time value is then used to update the time information in the synchronization message.

Abstract: Method, device and system for detecting a disturbance, e.g., at least one short mechanical impact (shock or vibration) on a clock of a slave device by detecting a non-typical variation of a tracking error, i.e., a tracking error having a deviation that exceeds a predetermined threshold, wherein such a non-typical variation can be determined by the deviation from a statistical measure, e.g., a variance or a standard deviation, such that the determination of the quality of a clock signal is advantageously allowed and thus suitable counter-measures are provided. The method, device and system are applicable for all kinds of technical systems comprising slave devices that have a clock, e.g., devices in industrial and automation systems. The method, device and system are also applicable in communication systems that use a protocol to synchronize the clocks of its devices, e.g., Profinet.