Abstract: A process for polymerizing at least one fluoromonomer in an aqueous medium containing initiator and hydrocarbon dispersing agent to form an aqueous dispersion of particles of fluoropolymer. The hydrocarbon dispersing agent comprises a compound of formula I: R—(XZ)n??I wherein R is a hydrophobic hydrocarbon moiety that comprises one or more saturated or unsaturated, non-cyclic or cyclic aliphatic groups, the percentage of total CH3 groups in relation to the total of CH3, CH2 and CH groups in said one or more aliphatic groups being at least about 70%, said hydrophobic moiety being free of siloxane units; wherein each X may be the same or different and represents an ionic hydrophilic moiety; wherein each Z may be a same or different and represents one or more counter ions for said ionic hydrophilic moiety; and wherein n is 1 to 3.

Abstract: A composition for applying a clear or translucent and colorless or nearly colorless emissive coating on a metallic surface comprising in a dispersion a) 50 to 300 g/L of at least one of clear or translucent organic polymeric substances of a binder, and b) 30 to 300 g/L of sheet silicate pigments having a TE value for the thermal emissivity of at least 0.40, having a particle size distribution of which d50 is in the range of 0.3 to 80 ?m. Processes for applying the composition and elements prepared therefrom are also disclosed.

Abstract: The invention relates to a composition for applying a clear or translucent and colorless or nearly colorless emissive coating especially for cool roofing on a metallic surface comprising in a dispersion a) 50 to 300 g/L of at least one of clear or translucent organic polymeric substances of a binder, and b) 30 to 300 g/L of sheet silicate pigments having a TE value for the thermal emissivity of at least 0.40, having a particle size distribution of which d50 is in the range of 0.3 to 80 ?m and having been comminuted, disintegrated, exfoliated or any combination of these to thin particles. There is further on provided a process for applying a clear or translucent and colorless or nearly colorless emissive coating especially for cool roofing on a metallic surface wherein a composition of the invention is applied on a metallic surface, wherein the coating is dried and wherein the dried coating has a coating weight in the range of from 0.2 to 2000 g/m2.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for coating metallic surfaces with a phosphating coating by contacting metallic surfaces at a temperature not above 45° C. and at a pH value less than 3.

Abstract: An aqueous solution contains phosphate for producing layers of phosphate on metal surfaces selected from the group consisting of iron, steel, zinc, zinc alloys, aluminum and aluminum alloys. The solution contains 0.3 to 5 g Zn2+/1, 0.1 to 2 g nitroguanidine/1 and 0.05 to 0.5 g hydroxylamine/l, with an S-value amounting to 0.03 to 0.3 and the ratio of the weight of Zn2+ to P2O5=1:5 to 1.30.