Abstract: A method for a first network to receive a packet from a second network is provided, including a router at the first network receiving the packet from the second network, the packet addressed to a client reachable through the first network; the router inspecting the packet for a nonrepudiable marking provided by the second network; if the nonrepudiable marking is present and matches the packet, adding an indicator pointing to the second network in the packet; adding a second nonrepudiable marking to the packet, and transmitting the packet to a destination; and otherwise, dropping the packet.

Abstract: A secure protocol for transactions, such as electronic commerce transactions, is described that provides improved security through exploiting an independent (where this independence is logical and/or physical) communication path (e.g., between a customer and a back-end financial institution), ensuring that key financial information remains within the back-end financial institutions themselves. Hence, this protocol directly reduces cyber-crime risks through improvements to transaction security. In addition, various implementations of the secure protocol provide non-repudiation for one or more of the entities involved in the transaction.

Abstract: A secure protocol for transactions, such as electronic commerce transactions, is described that provides improved security through exploiting an independent (where this independence is logical and/or physical) communication path (e.g., between a customer and a back-end financial institution), ensuring that key financial information remains within the back-end financial institutions themselves. Hence, this protocol directly reduces cyber-crime risks through improvements to transaction security. In addition, various implementations of the secure protocol provide non-repudiation for one or more of the entities involved in the transaction.

Abstract: A method for a first network to receive a packet from a second network is provided, including a router at the first network receiving the packet from the second network, the packet addressed to a client reachable through the first network; the router inspecting the packet for a nonrepudiable marking provided by the second network; if the nonrepudiable marking is present and matches the packet, adding an indicator pointing to the second network in the packet; adding a second nonrepudiable marking to the packet, and transmitting the packet to a destination; and otherwise, dropping the packet.