Abstract: A cross-corrugated structure packing module is provided for use in mass transfer or heat exchange columns and has particular applicability in severe service applications in which fouling, coking, and erosion are of concern. The structured packing module has a plurality of upright, parallel-extending, corrugated plates. Spacer elements are used to maintain the corrugations of adjacent plates in spaced apart relationship to reduce the opportunity for solids to accumulate on the surfaces of the plates. The plates are also free of apertures or surface treatments that would increase the opportunity for solids to accumulate on the plates.

Abstract: A cross-corrugated structure packing module is provided for use in mass transfer or heat exchange columns and has particular applicability in severe service applications in which fouling, coking, and erosion are of concern. The structured packing module has a plurality of upright, parallel-extending, corrugated plates. Spacer elements are used to maintain the corrugations of adjacent plates in spaced apart relationship to reduce the opportunity for solids to accumulate on the surfaces of the plates. The plates are also free of apertures or surface treatments that would increase the opportunity for solids to accumulate on the plates.

Abstract: A cross-corrugated structure packing module is provided for use in mass transfer or heat exchange columns and has particular applicability in severe service applications in which fouling, coking, and erosion are of concern. The structured packing module has a plurality of upright, parallel-extending, corrugated plates. Spacer elements are used to maintain the corrugations of adjacent plates in spaced apart relationship to reduce the opportunity for solids to accumulate on the surfaces of the plates. The plates are also free of apertures or surface treatments that would increase the opportunity for solids to accumulate on the plates.

Abstract: A cryogenic air separation system wherein nitrogen vapor from a higher pressure column and oxygen liquid from a lower pressure column each pass down through a once-through main condenser in heat exchange relation and some but not all of the oxygen liquid is vaporized such that the oxygen liquid and vapor exit the condenser in a liquid to vapor mass flowrate ratio within the range of from 0.05 to 0.5 whereby the need for a recirculation pump to ensure avoidance of oxygen boiling to dryness is eliminated.

Abstract: A system for cooling a power transformer wherein cryogen in liquid or solid form is sprayed into a vaporizer or directly onto a power transformer radiator and the vaporizing and/or sublimating cryogen cools a cooling fluid within the vaporizer or cools the radiator directly to provide cooling to the power transformer.

Abstract: A system for cooling a power transformer wherein cryogen in liquid or solid form is sprayed into a vaporizer or directly onto a power transformer radiator and the vaporizing and/or sublimating cryogen cools a cooling fluid within the vaporizer or cools the radiator directly to provide cooling to the power transformer.

Abstract: A refrigeration system particularly useful with a multicomponent refrigerant fluid wherein the refrigerant fluid is cooled in an upward leg of a first vertically oriented heat exchanger section and further cooled in a downward leg of a second vertically oriented heat exchanger section prior to refrigeration generation and serial recycle flow through the two heat exchanger sections.

Abstract: A packing section includes a plurality of vertically oriented, diagonally cross-corrugated packing sheets defining a section height. The section height has a base region, a bulk region, and a top region. The base region has a first particular geometry different from the geometry of the bulk region.

Abstract: A packing section includes a plurality of vertically oriented, diagonally cross-corrugated packing sheets defining a section height. The section height has a base region, a bulk region, and a top region. The base region has a first particular geometry different from the geometry of the bulk region. The top region has a second particular geometry different from the geometry of the bulk region, and different from the first particular geometry of the base region.

Abstract: A packing section includes a plurality of vertically oriented, diagonally cross-corrugated packing sheets defining a section height. The section height has a base region, a bulk region, and a top region. The base region has a first particular geometry different from the geometry of the bulk region. The top region has a second particular geometry different from the geometry of the bulk region, and different from the first particular geometry of the base region.

Abstract: A packing section includes a plurality of vertically oriented, diagonally cross-corrugated packing sheets defining a section height. The section height has a base region, a bulk region, and a top region. The base region has a first particular geometry different from the geometry of the bulk region. The top region has a second particular geometry different from the geometry of the bulk region, and different from the first particular geometry of the base region.

Abstract: A system, especially useful under cryogenic conditions, for downflowing cocurrent condensation of vapor against downflowing partially vaporizing liquid, wherein the condensing vapor flows within tubes having fluted internal surfaces and the boiling liquid flows along the outer surfaces of the tubes having re-entrant cavities.

Abstract: A corrugated structured packing for forming into modules for use in a rectification column, having both high and low corrugations which reduce the contact points when formed into modules, serving to improve mass transfer effectiveness and thus reduce the requisite column height.

Abstract: A system particularly useful for the cryogenic rectification of air to produce product, particularly high purity argon, comprising a structured packing arrangement having a defined moderate area density, a defined sharp corrugation angle and at least one of a defined short brick height and a defined packing structure modification.

Abstract: A packing section includes a plurality of vertically oriented, diagonally cross-corrugated packing sheets defining a section height. The section height has a base region, a bulk region, and a top region. The base region has a first particular geometry different from the geometry of the bulk region. The top region has a second particular geometry different from the geometry of the bulk region, and different from the first particular geometry of the base region.

Abstract: A corrugated structured packing for forming into modules for use in a rectification column, having a crimp pattern which is asymmetrical about a line drawn perpendicular to the centerline of the structured packing sheet and whose axial distance along the centerline from trough to adjacent peak is not evenly divided on either side of the centerline, serving to reduce pressure losses that are not efficient in promoting mass transfer and thus reducing the requisite column height.

Abstract: A system for re-starting an air separation plant after an interruption in operation wherein descending liquid is collected in a non-operating distillation column and passed back to the separation section of that column before or upon re-start. The invention may employ a collection device situated in the column above the sump. Upon interruption in operation, the collection device accumulates descending liquid. From the collection device, liquid may be passed outside of the column and transferred to a holding vessel to re-inventory internal material of the column upon resumption in operation.

Abstract: A method for operating a cryogenic rectification column for the separation of the components of air by cryogenic rectification, whereby the column may be operated above its design capacity without encountering flooding, by passing vapor upward through the column at a flowrate which generates a pressure drop within the column of at least 0.7 inches of water per foot of packing height through a height of defined structured packing sheets having a structure in their bottom portion which differs from the structure in their middle portion and is the same as the structure in their top portion.

Abstract: A cryogenic rectification system and a packing module and column suitable for cryogenic rectification having packing sheets with top and bottom modifications in alternating sequence and preferably having top and bottom edges terminating in planes wherein capacity and mass transfer efficiency is enhanced and mechanical strength is not compromised.

Abstract: A cryogenic air separation system wherein feed air is initially processed to produce a vapor and a liquid, the vapor is then processed in the rectifying section of a reflux condenser to produce moderate purity nitrogen, and the liquid is processed in the stripping section of the reflux condenser to produce moderate purity oxygen.