Abstract: Aspects of the present disclosure provide methods, apparatuses, and systems for closed-loop sleep protection and/or sleep regulation. According to an aspect, a biosignal parameter and ambient noise are measured. The biosignal parameter is used to determine sleep condition of a subject. The sleep condition is determined based on one or more of personalized sleep data or historical sleep data collected using a subset of society. Based on the sleep condition, an arousal threshold is determined. Based on the ambient noise and the determined sleep condition, one or more actions are taken to regulate sleep and avoid sleep disruption.

Abstract: Aspects of the present disclosure provide methods, apparatuses, and systems for closed-loop sleep protection and/or sleep regulation. According to an aspect, a biosignal parameter and ambient noise are measured. The biosignal parameter is used to determined sleep condition of a subject. The sleep condition is determined based on one or more of personalized sleep data or historical sleep data collected using a subset of society. Based on the sleep condition, an arousal threshold is determined. Based on the ambient noise and the determined sleep condition, one or more actions are taken to regulate sleep and avoid sleep disruption.

Abstract: Aspects of the present disclosure provide methods, apparatuses, and systems for closed-loop sleep protection and/or sleep regulation. According to an aspect, a biosignal parameter and ambient noise are measured. The biosignal parameter is used to determined sleep condition of a subject. The sleep condition is determined based on: (1) one or more of personalized sleep data, (2) historical sleep data collected for a subset of society, or (3) a combination of both. Based on the sleep condition, an arousal threshold is determined. Based on the ambient noise and the determined sleep condition, one or more actions are taken to regulate sleep and avoid sleep disruption by using sound masking or active noise reduction (ANR).

Abstract: A bonded, direct fixation fastener as supportive structure for a rail on a railroad bed comprising: a substantially rectangular rail plate, wherein the rail plate has a generally horizontal center portion having a lower face and an upper face and wherein the rail plate defines an outer perimeter having a face defining a first angle to the railroad bed, the rail plate having attachment means to attach to the rail; a substantially rectangular bottom member defines an inner perimeter having a face defining a second angle to the railroad bed; and a substantially rectangular elastomeric portion disposed between, and bonded to each of, the outer perimeter and face of the rail plate and the inner perimeter and face of the bottom member.

Abstract: Aspects of the present disclosure provide methods, apparatuses, and systems for closed-loop sleep protection and/or sleep regulation. According to an aspect, a biosignal parameter and ambient noise are measured. The biosignal parameter is used to determined sleep condition of a subject. The sleep condition is determined based on one or more of personalized sleep data or historical sleep data collected using a subset of society, or both. Based on the sleep condition, an arousal threshold is determined.

Abstract: A bonded, direct fixation fastener as supportive structure for a rail on a railroad bed comprising: a substantially rectangular rail plate, wherein the rail plate has a generally horizontal center portion having a lower face and an upper face and wherein the rail plate defines an outer perimeter having a face defining a first angle to the railroad bed, the rail plate having attachment means to attach to the rail; a substantially rectangular bottom member defines an inner perimeter having a face defining a second angle to the railroad bed; and a substantially rectangular elastomeric portion disposed between, and bonded to each of, the outer perimeter and face of the rail plate and the inner perimeter and face of the bottom member.