Abstract: The invention provides a lubricating composition containing (a) an oil of lubricating viscosity, (b) a phosphite having at least one hydrocarbyl group that has 4 or more carbon atoms, and (c) a compound derived from a hydroxy-carboxylic acid. The invention further relates to the use of the lubricating composition in an internal combustion engine.

Abstract: Ultrasound generating apparatus (10) comprises an arbitrary waveform generator (12) to provide a waveform output at (14), representing a waveform. A power amplifier (16), which may be an operational amplifier, is operable to amplify the waveform output (14) in power and amplitude to provide a power output (18) for applying to an ultrasonic transducer (20).

Abstract: Methods and apparatus relate to ultrasound measurement of a dimension such as the thickness (11) of an item (12) which may be worn over time by contact with an item (14). An ultrasonic transceiver (18) couples ultrasound into the item (12). Outgoing ultrasound i results in echos r returning to the transceiver (18). This allows calculation of time of flight to yield a value for the thickness (11). In the examples prescribed, the measurement is repeated a plurality of times in a specified period to extract a dimension from each received signal. Information extracted from the plurality of received signal is used to produce a single value indicative of the dimension of the item (12) over the specified period.

Abstract: A lubricating composition includes (A) an esterified copolymer comprising units (A1) derived from a vinyl monomer and units (A2) derived from a carboxylic acid monomer, the vinyl monomer comprising a vinyl aliphatic monomer, the carboxylic acid monomer comprising an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid or derivative thereof, esterified with a primary alcohol; and (B) a diene rubber copolymer comprising at least a first block (B1) derived from a conjugated diene monomer and at least a second block (B2) derived from a vinyl aromatic monomer. A ratio of the diene rubber copolymer to the esterified copolymer in the lubricating composition (B:A) is from 0.01 to 0.9, by weight.

Abstract: A fluid 10 is contained within a chamber 12. The chamber wall 14 has an inner surface 16 exposed to the fluid 10 and an outer surface 18 separated from the inner surface 18 by the material 20 of the wall 14. Ultrasound 22 is introduced into the material 20. Measurement of the time of flight of the ultrasound 22 through the body 20 allows a measurement to be made of the pressure of the fluid 10.

Abstract: The invention provides a lubricating composition containing (a) 0.001 wt % to 15 wt % of a polymer with radial or star architecture; (b) an overbased detergent; (c) a dispersant; and (d) an oil of lubricating viscosity. The invention further provides a method for lubricating a mechanical device with the lubricating composition.

Abstract: The invention provides a lubricating composition containing an oil of lubricating viscosity and a calcium-containing detergent with a soap content of 0.06 wt % to 1.6 wt % of the lubricating composition. The lubricating composition is suitable for lubricating an internal combustion engine.

Abstract: Ultrasonic measurement apparatus 10 includes a transmitter 14 to transmit an ultrasonic signal 16 into an item 12. A receiver 18 receives echoes 20 from the item 12. The apparatus 10 measures the frequency spectrum of the echo 20 and makes a comparison with another frequency spectrum to extract information relating to a change in the item 12. For example, the item 12 may wear during use. A comparison of the frequency spectrum, with previous frequency spectra, allows changes of dimension of the item 12 to be identified. Changes in amplitudes of the frequency spectrum allow changes in roughness to be detected.

Abstract: The invention provides a lubricating composition containing an oil of lubricating viscosity and a block copolymer of a poly(olefin) block, such as poly(isobutylene) (PIB) and a polyvinyl aromatic) block, such as poly(styrene), wherein the copolymer is optionally functionalized or grafted. The invention further provides a method of using the block copolymer to control deposits in a lubricating oil composition.

Abstract: Ultrasound generating apparatus (10) comprises an arbitrary waveform generator (12) to provide a waveform output at (14), representing a waveform. A power amplifier (16), which may be an operational amplifier, is operable to amplify the waveform output (14) in power and amplitude to provide a power output (18) for applying to an ultrasonic transducer (20).

Abstract: The disclosed invention relates to a composition comprising a grafted polymer. The polymer comprises a backbone with at least one olefin block and at least one vinyl aromatic block. The polymer is grafted with a pendant carbonyl containing group, the grafting being conducted by halogenating the vinyl aromatic carbon of the vinyl aromatic block and then grafting a carboxylic acid or derivative thereof on the halogenated vinyl aromatic carbon in the presence of an activating agent. The carbonyl containing-group is optionally substituted to provide ester, imide and/or amide functionality. The grafted polymer is useful as a dispersant viscosity modifier in lubricating compositions such as engine oils.

Abstract: The invention provides a lubricating composition containing an antiwear agent and an oil of lubricating viscosity. The invention further relates to the use of the lubricating composition in an internal combustion engine, or a driveline device.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus relate to ultrasound measurement of a dimension such as the thickness (11) of an item (12) which may be worn over time by contact with an item (14). An ultrasonic transceiver (18) couples ultrasound into the item (12). Outgoing ultrasound i results in echos r returning to the transceiver (18). This allows calculation of time of flight to yield a value for the thickness (11). In the examples prescribed, the measurement is repeated a plurality of times in a specified period to extract a dimension from each received signal. Information extracted from the plurality of received signal is used to produce a single value indicative of the dimension of the item (12) over the specified period.

Abstract: The invention provides a lubricating composition containing (a) 0.001 wt % to 15 wt % of a polymer with radial or star architecture; (b) an overbased detergent; (c) a dispersant; and (d) an oil of lubricating viscosity. The invention further provides a method for lubricating a mechanical device with the lubricating composition.

Abstract: The invention provides a lubricating composition containing (a) an oil of lubricating viscosity, (b) a phosphite having at least one hydrocarbyl group that has 4 or more carbon atoms, and (c) a compound derived from a hydroxy-carboxylic acid. The invention further relates to the use of the lubricating composition in an internal combustion engine.

Abstract: The disclosed invention relates to a composition comprising a grafted polymer. The polymer comprises a backbone with at least one olefin block and at least one vinyl aromatic block. The polymer is grafted with a pendant carbonyl containing group, the grafting being conducted by halogenating the vinyl aromatic carbon of the vinyl aromatic block and then grafting a carboxylic acid or derivative thereof on the halogenated vinyl aromatic carbon in the presence of an activating agent. The carbonyl containing-group is optionally substituted to provide ester, imide and/or amide functionality. The grafted polymer is useful as a dispersant viscosity modifier in lubricating compositions such as engine oils.

Abstract: The disclosed invention relates to a composition comprising a grafted polymer. The polymer backbone comprises an olefin block and a vinyl aromatic block. The polymer backbone is grafted with a pendant carbonyl containing group, the grafting being conducted in oil in the presence of an initiator. The carbonyl containing-group is optionally substituted to provide ester, imide and/or amide functionality. The grafted polymer is useful as a dispersant viscosity modifier in lubricating compositions such as engine oils.

Abstract: In accordance with the present invention, it has been discovered that an additive which is substantially insoluble in, has low solubility in and/or is otherwise incompatible with a functional fluid, may be supplied to the functional fluid by use of a gel composition and/or a solid additive composition containing the additive, such that the functional fluid can receive the benefit of the supplied additive and/or contain levels of the additive not otherwise achievable by conventional delivery method due to the incompatibility of the additive with the functional fluid.

Abstract: A composition comprises a sulphur free reaction product of: (a)(i) a hydrocarbyl substituted aromatic compound containing an acidic group selected from the group consisting of a carboxylic group, a hydroxyl group and mixtures thereof; and (a)(ii) an organic nitrogen-containing base reacted with the acidic group. The composition is obtained by a preparatory process and is useful in a method for lubricating an internal combustion engine to include where the lubricant has reduced levels of sulphur, phosphorus and sulphated ash.

Abstract: The invention provides a lubricating composition containing an oil of lubricating viscosity and a calcium-containing detergent with a soap content of 0.06 wt % to 1.6 wt % of the lubricating composition. The lubricating composition is suitable for lubricating an internal combustion engine.