Abstract: A heat exchanger apparatus including a surface cooler and a passive automatic retraction and extension system coupled to the surface cooler. The surface cooler having disposed therein one or more fluid flow channels configured for the passage therethrough of a heat transfer fluid to be cooled. The heat transfer fluid in a heat transfer relation on an interior side of said one or more fluid flow channels. The surface cooler including a plurality of fins projecting from an outer surface thereof. The passive automatic retraction and extension system including a thermal actuation component responsive to a change in temperature of at least one of the heat transfer fluid and a cooling fluid flow so as to actuate a change in a geometry of the surface cooler. Further disclosed is an engine including the heat exchanger apparatus.

Abstract: A spark plug having a shell defining a cavity, an insulator disposed within the cavity, and an electrode at least partially encapsulated by the insulator. The electrode may be formed from a ruthenium (Ru) electrode material having a columnar grain structure. Further, the ruthenium (Ru) electrode material may have a purity greater than 99.90 wt. percentage.

Abstract: A spark plug having a shell defining a cavity, an insulator disposed within the cavity, and an electrode at least partially encapsulated by the insulator. The electrode may be formed from a ruthenium (Ru) electrode material having a columnar grain structure. Further, the ruthenium (Ru) electrode material may have a purity greater than 99.90 wt. percentage.

Abstract: An ignition lead in an engine for conducting a large current and high voltage ignition pulse from an exciter to an igniter, which may then transform the pulse received from the ignition lead into an electrical spark, which ignites a fuel and air mixture in the combustor of the engine. The ignition lead may include a construction for improved electromagnetic shielding.

Abstract: An ignition lead in an engine for conducting a large current and high voltage ignition pulse from an exciter to an igniter, which may then transform the pulse received from the ignition lead into an electrical spark, which ignites a fuel and air mixture in the combustor of the engine. The ignition lead may include a construction for improved electromagnetic shielding.