Abstract: Method and apparatus for determining direction from which electromagnetic radiation originates and spectral characteristics of the radiation are provided. Lenses, diffraction gratings, which may be present on the surface of the lenses, and mirrors direct radiation to a photodetector. Lens and grating parameters, along with the location, size, relative spacing and orientation of diffracted orders of radiation detected by the photodetector are used for determining direction from which the radiation originates.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for determining direction from which electromagnetic radiation originates and spectral characteristics of the radiation are provided. Lenses, diffraction gratings, which may be present on the surface of the lenses, and mirrors direct radiation to a photodetector. Lens and grating parameters, along with the location, size, relative spacing and orientation of diffracted orders of radiation detected by the photodetector are used for determining direction from which the radiation originates.

Abstract: Detectors and methods for gathering, detecting and analyzing electromagnetic radiation are disclosed. A radiation detector includes one or more positive lenses to direct radiation to mirrors or to a photodetector. Coordinates of directed radiation are measured and interpreted to determine the angle of arrival. A color filter mosaic may be present to determine wavelengths of detected radiation. Temporal characteristics of the radiation may be measured.

Abstract: Detectors and methods for gathering, detecting and analyzing electromagnetic radiation are disclosed. A radiation detector includes one or more positive lenses to direct radiation to mirrors or to a photodetector. Coordinates of directed radiation are measured and interpreted to determine the angle of arrival. A color filter mosaic may be present to determine wavelengths of detected radiation. Temporal characteristics of the radiation may be measured.

Abstract: Projectile apparatus is provided employing light and sound that may be dispersed over a large area with high intensity to produce a non-lethal, visible and audible countermeasure to temporarily blind and/or disorient one or multiple potential adversaries. The apparatus is suitable for use in tactical scenarios by military, police, and special operations personnel. The apparatus is also suitable for use in training operations for military, police, and special operations personnel. For amusement or recreation, the apparatus may be used in simulated warfare or in games such as paintball.

Abstract: Projectile apparatus is provided employing light and sound that may be dispersed over a large area with high intensity to produce a non-lethal, visible and audible countermeasure to temporarily blind and/or disorient one or multiple potential adversaries. The apparatus is suitable for use in tactical scenarios by military, police, and special operations personnel. The apparatus is also suitable for use in training operations for military, police, and special operations personnel. For amusement or recreation, the apparatus may be used in simulated warfare or in games such as paintball.

Abstract: Optical acquisition systems for direct-to-digital holography are disclosed. The system includes an illumination lens for focusing a reference beam and a beam splitter optically coupled to the illumination lens by the reference beam. A reference mirror is located at a waist of the reference beam and operates to eliminate a reference objective.