Abstract: The truss-like beam is formed by the regular repetition along the axis of the beam, of polyhedral elementary cells, each one having two parallel and identical end faces, shaped as regular polygons with n sides which constitute the faces shared with the adjacent cells, and 2n triangular lateral faces formed by joining each apex of an end face to the two closest apices of the opposite end face; the edges of the elementary cell are materialized by elements which are permanently subjected to a pulling force, whereas rigid bars in buckled state join each apex of the elementary cell to its center.

Abstract: The structure comprises a matrix formed by juxtaposing solid prefabricated matrix elements each provided with at least one cavity extending from one face to another face of the element, the matrix elements being arranged so that the cavities form continuous longitudinal housings, and reinforcing elements are inserted in the housings to form at least four bundles each constituted of spaced-apart reinforcing elements parallel to a same respective direction with the directions of the bundles being different fom each other and being such that, considering any plane of the space, at least two directions are not parallel to the plane, whereby a coherent composite structure is obtained without the need of binding material.

Abstract: Annular three-dimensional structure formed by regularly criss-crossed filiform elements, divided in a plurality of families of elements occupying the same place within the structure arranged identically within the said structure. In order to have an undelaminatable structure with a selectable space distribution of its mechanical or physical properties, said structure includes two families of helical elements arranged in cylindrical sheets according to helices of identical pitch but of opposite direction, two families of oblique meridian elements arranged in meridian sheets and with opposite inclinations with respect to the axis, and at least a fifth family of radial elements arranged in meridian sheets, or of circumferential elements arranged in cylindrical sheets, or of axial elements arranged in meridian or cylindrical sheets.

Abstract: The structure comprises a stack of superimposed layers of bi-dimensional reinforcing material and rectilinear reinforcing elements which traverse said stack through and through and which are arranged in at least two directions different from each other, each reinforcing element being at an angle with the plane that is tangential to the layers it traverses.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a three-dimensional structure having a preferential direction, said structure comprising a main bundle constituted by equidistant rectilinear elements parallel to the preferential direction and four connecting bundles oriented in four different directions. A first and a second connecting bundle are formed of elements disposed in rows in planes parallel to the planes defined by the rows of the main bundle, the rows of the first and of the second bundle being disposed alternately in gaps between rows of elements of the main bundle. A third and a fourth connecting bundle are formed of elements disposed in rows in planes parallel to the planes defined by the alignments of opposite elements of adjacent rows of the main bundle, the rows of the third and fourth bundles being disposed alternately in gaps between alignments of elements of the main bundle. The structure is suitable as reinforcement for a composite material.

Abstract: The invention relates to an annular three-dimensional structure usable in particular as reinforcement, said structure being formed of a regular criss-cross of elongated filiform elements distributed in four families, the elements of each family being disposed in parallel, regularly spaced apart sheets themselves constituted by elements extending substantially parallel to one another and regularly spaced apart. The elements in each sheet have a different orientation from that of the elements of the adjacent parallel sheet of another family, the elements of at least two families being incurved in opposite directions.

Abstract: The structure comprises more than four bundles each constituted by a plurality of regularly spaced, parallel, rectilinear elements, the directions of at least five of said bundles being oriented parallel to at least five of the ten directions defined by the lines connecting the non-contiguous vertexes of a parallelepiped in two's and the bundles taken in three's not constituting a system in which each bundle is perpendicular to the other two.