Abstract: Provided is a thin film capacitor comprising a capacitance portion in which at least one dielectric layer is sandwiched between a pair of electrode layers included in a plurality of electrode layers, wherein the capacitance portion has an opening which extends in a lamination direction in which the plurality of electrode layers and the dielectric layer are laminated and through which one electrode layer of the plurality of electrode layers is exposed, the one electrode layer has an exposed portion exposed at a bottom surface of the opening, the exposed portion is in contact with a wiring layer connecting the one electrode layer and an electrode terminal, and a thickness of the exposed portion of the one electrode layer is smaller than a thickness of other portions of the one electrode layer and is 50% or more of the thickness of the other portions of the one electrode layer.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a photosensitive member and a charging roller to which a direct current voltage is applied. A difference between a first potential (before charging) and a second potential (after charging) of a surface of the photosensitive member in an image forming operation is smaller than 100 V. The charging roller includes a shaft portion, an elastic layer provided on an outer periphery of the shaft portion, and a surface layer provided on an outer periphery of the elastic layer. A ten point height of roughness profile Rz (?m) and a root mean square slope R?q with respected to a surface of the charging roller satisfy Rz?7 and R?q?0.1.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a photosensitive member, a charging roller, an image forming portion. The charging roller includes an electroconductive rubber layer and is 20 ?m or more and 35 ?m or less in ten point average roughness of a surface thereof and 130 ?m or more and 250 ?m or less in average interval of surface unevenness.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a photosensitive member and a charge roller. The photosensitive member comprises a base body, and a photosensitive layer which is a monolayer formed on the base body and comprises a charge generating agent, a charge transport agent and a binder resin. The charge roller configured to contact the photosensitive member and charge the photosensitive member by application of only a DC voltage. The charge roller comprises a conductive rubber layer, and a ten-point average roughness of a surface of the charge roller is 0.9 ?m or more and 8.5 ?m or less.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a photosensitive member, a charging roller, a cleaning roller, an urging member and an image forming portion. The charging roller has an outermost surface layer including an electroconductive resin material, first surface particles having an average particle size of more than 7 ?m and less than 30 ?m and second surface particles having an average particle size of more than 2 ?m and less than 6 ?m. The first and second surface particles are dispersed in the electroconductive resin material so as to form first projections and second projections, respectively. The cleaning roller cleaning roller includes a shaft portion and an elastic cleaning portion extending helically around the shaft portion and having a rectangular cross-section perpendicular to an extending direction thereof.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a photosensitive member and a charging roller to which a direct current voltage is applied. A difference between a first potential (before charging) and a second potential (after charging) of a surface of the photosensitive member in an image forming operation is smaller than 100 V. The charging roller includes a shaft portion, an elastic layer provided on an outer periphery of the shaft portion, and a surface layer provided on an outer periphery of the elastic layer. A ten point height of roughness profile Rz (?m) and a root mean square slope R?q with respected to a surface of the charging roller satisfy Rz?7 and R?q?0.1.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a photosensitive member having a surface having elastic deformation power of 47% or more, a charging roller forming a nip between itself and the photosensitive member, and an image forming portion. When a nip region corresponding to the nip is formed and then an area of independent contact portions between the charging member and a measuring contact member is measured, the following relationship is satisfied: (contact width X)×(Contact area ratio ?)?0.1, where a length from a position of one end to a position of the other end of the nip region with respect to a direction perpendicular to a longitudinal direction of the charging roller is the contact width X, and a ratio of a sum of areas of the independent contact portions to an entire area of a measuring region is the contact area ratio ?.

Abstract: A charging roller includes a surface layer containing first and second surface particles and satisfying the following: 6.0 (?m)?Rz?18.8 (?m),??i where Rz is a ten-point average roughness (?m) of a charging roller surface, 7 (?m)?d?20 (?m),??ii where d is a thickness (?m) of the surface layer, 9.8 (?m)?D1?15.8 (?m) and 2.8 (?m)?D2?5.2 (?m),??iii where D1 and D2 are average particle size (?m) of the first surface particles, and the second surface particles, respectively, 3.0?D1/D2?5.6, and??iv 0.10?M1/(M1+M2)?0.32,??v where M1 is a total weight (mg) of the first surface particles per unit area of the charging roller surface, and M2 is a total weight (mg) of the second surface particles per unit area of the charging roller surface.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a first counting unit counting an entire image ratio, a second counting unit counting a partial image ratio, a display unit displaying information about maintenance of a photoconductor, and an execution unit that performs the display in the display unit so that X when the entire image ratio and the partial image ratio have first and second values, respectively, is greater than X when the entire image ratio and the partial image ratio have values smaller than the first and second values, respectively, and X when the partial image ratio and the entire image ratio have third and fourth values, respectively, is smaller than X when the partial image ratio and the entire image ratio have values smaller than the third and fourth values, respectively. X denotes the number of repeated image formations with the fixed entire and partial image ratios.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a photosensitive drum, a driving source for driving the photosensitive drum, a charging roller, a cleaning roller for cleaning the charging roller, a bearing member having an space which allows the charging roller to be moved to a first position in which the charging roller is in contact with the cleaning roller and the photosensitive drum and a second position in which the charging roller is separated from the cleaning roller and is in contact with the photosensitive drum, and a biasing member which biases the bearing member.

Abstract: A charging roller includes a surface layer containing first and second surface particles and satisfying the following: 6.0 (?m)?Rz?18.8 (?m), ??i) where Rz is a ten-point average roughness (?m) of a charging roller surface, 7 (?m)?d?20 (?m), ??ii) where d is a thickness (?m) of the surface layer, 9.8 (?m)?D1?15.8 (?m) and 2.8 (?m)?D2?5.2 (?m), ??iii) where D1 and D2 are average particle size (?m) of the first surface particles, and the second surface particles, respectively, 3.0?D1/D2?5.6, and ??iv) 0.10?M1/(M1+M2)?0.32, ??v) where M1 is a total weight (mg) of the first surface particles per unit area of the charging roller surface, and M2 is a total weight (mg) of the second surface particles per unit area of the charging roller surface.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a photosensitive member having a surface having elastic deformation power of 47% or more, a charging roller forming a nip between itself and the photosensitive member, and an image forming portion. When a nip region corresponding to the nip is formed and then an area of independent contact portions between the charging member and a measuring contact member is measured, the following relationship is satisfied: (contact width X)×(Contact area ratio ?)?0.1, where a length from a position of one end to a position of the other end of the nip region with respect to a direction perpendicular to a longitudinal direction of the charging roller is the contact width X, and a ratio of a sum of areas of the independent contact portions to an entire area of a measuring region is the contact area ratio ?.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a photosensitive member, a charging roller, a cleaning roller, an urging member and an image forming portion. The charging roller has an outermost surface layer including an electroconductive resin material, first surface particles having an average particle size of more than 7 ?m and less than 30 ?m and second surface particles having an average particle size of more than 2 ?m and less than 6 ?m. The first and second surface particles are dispersed in the electroconductive resin material so as to form first projections and second projections, respectively. The cleaning roller cleaning roller includes a shaft potion and an elastic cleaning portion extending helically around the shaft portion and having a rectangular cross-section perpendicular to an extending direction thereof.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an image bearing member bearing an electrostatic latent image formed based on image information in forming an image, an electrification member being in contact with a surface of the image bearing member to electrify the image bearing member, a service life determining portion determining whether or not a service life of the electrification member has come to its end based on information concerning an electrification time during which voltage is applied to the electrification member obtained by using a detection result of the environment detecting portion and information concerning an image ratio of a formed image obtained by using the detection result of the environment detecting portion, and an alarm portion issuing an alarm in response to a determination made by the service life determining portion that the service life of the electrification member has come to the end.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an image bearing member bearing an electrostatic latent image formed based on image information in forming an image (step S1), an electrification member being in contact with a surface of the image bearing member to electrify the image bearing member, a service life determining portion determining whether or not a service life of the electrification member has come to its end based on information concerning an electrification time during which voltage is applied to the electrification member obtained by adapting a detection result of the environment detecting portion and information concerning an image ratio of a formed image obtained by adapting the detection result of the environment detecting portion (Steps S6 through S9), and an alarm portion alarming in response to a determination made by the service life determining portion that the service life of the electrification member has come to the end (step S10).

Abstract: A system manager sets a port connected to a specific device (for example, a router device) among a plurality of ports of a switch device as a reliable port. If a packet is received in the reliable port, the switch device manages an IP address and a MAC address of the router device by a reliable port information table. When a packet is received from a port not set as the reliable port, the switch device refers to the reliable port information table. At this time, when the received packet is an address resolution packet having impersonated a router device, the switch device discards the packet without transmitting the packet, thereby preventing a cyber attack on a terminal.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus capable of suppressing deterioration of a charger although an amount of use of the charger is actually small is provided. For that purpose, the image forming apparatus executes simple control of discharge current control in which at least one charging bias smaller in number than number of kinds of test biases in full control of the discharge current control is applied to the charger after a power source is turned on and before an image formation start signal is inputted, and on the basis of a current detected by the detector when the charging bias is applied, selects one from a plurality of modes including a first mode in which a charging bias is set by executing the full control of the discharge current control and including a second member in which the charging bias determined by full control of discharge current control without executing the full control of the discharge current control.

Abstract: A system manager sets a port connected to a specific device (for example, a router device) among a plurality of ports of a switch device as a reliable port. If a packet is received in the reliable port, the switch device manages an IP address and a MAC address of the router device by a reliable port information table. When a packet is received from a port not set as the reliable port, the switch device refers to the reliable port information table. At this time, when the received packet is an address resolution packet having impersonated a router device, the switch device discards the packet without transmitting the packet, thereby preventing a cyber attack on a terminal.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus capable of suppressing deterioration of a charger although an amount of use of the charger is actually small is provided. For that purpose, the image forming apparatus executes simple control of discharge current control in which at least one charging bias smaller in number than number of kinds of test biases in full control of the discharge current control is applied to the charger after a power source is turned on and before an image formation start signal is inputted, and on the basis of a current detected by the detector when the charging bias is applied, selects one from a plurality of modes including a first mode in which a charging bias is set by executing the full control of the discharge current control and including a second member in which the charging bias determined by full control of discharge current control without executing the full control of the discharge current control.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus 100 includes: a common voltage-applying unit 8 that applies a voltage to charging-assistant members 7Y, 7M, and 7C of a plurality of image forming portions PY, PM, and PC; and a control unit 110, at the start of applying a voltage to the charging-assistant members of the plurality of image forming portions by the voltage-applying unit 8, switches the absolute value of the applied voltage from a smaller first value to a larger second value when images are formed by the plurality of image forming portions.