Abstract: A recording medium transport and transfer belt includes at least a base material layer and a surface layer, in which a ratio (?s500/?v500) between surface resistivity ?s500 and volume resistivity ?v500 at an applied voltage of 500 V is 1.0 or more, and a difference (?s100??s500) between surface resistivity ?s100 at an applied voltage of 100 V and surface resistivity ?s500 at an applied voltage of 500 V is 0.3 or less.

Abstract: A transfer device includes an intermediate transfer belt that has an outer peripheral surface to which a toner image is to be transferred, a primary transfer device that has a primary transfer member performing primary transfer of a toner image formed on a surface of an image holder to the outer peripheral surface of the intermediate transfer belt, and a secondary transfer device that has a secondary transfer belt arranged in contact with the outer peripheral surface of the intermediate transfer belt and performing secondary transfer of the toner image transferred to the outer peripheral surface of the intermediate transfer belt to a surface of a recording medium, in which the intermediate transfer belt has an indentation modulus A of 5,000 MPa or more, and the secondary transfer belt has an indentation modulus B of 300 MPa or less and a tensile modulus C of 250 MPa or more.

Abstract: In an endless belt, the absolute value of an electrostatic capacitance C and the absolute value of an alternating-current resistance Z when an alternating voltage of 1 Vp-p is applied in a frequency range of from 10000 Hz to 0.1 mHz from a high frequency side satisfy Formula (1) below, and an alternating-current resistance Z0.63 when an alternating voltage of 1 Vp-p with a frequency of 0.63 Hz is applied satisfies Formula (2) below. Moreover, an alternating-current resistance Z630 when an alternating voltage of 1 Vp-p with a frequency of 630 Hz is applied satisfies Formula (3) below: log10 C?3.18×log10 Z?30.27;??Formula (1): 6.3?log10 Z0.63?6.9; and??Formula (2): 9.1?log10 Z630?9.9.

Abstract: In an endless belt, the absolute value of an electrostatic capacitance C and the absolute value of an alternating-current resistance Z when an alternating voltage of 1 Vp-p is applied in a frequency range of from 10000 Hz to 0.1 mHz from a high frequency side satisfy Formula (1) below, and an alternating-current resistance Z0.63 when an alternating voltage of 1 Vp-p with a frequency of 0.63 Hz is applied satisfies Formula (2) below. Moreover, an alternating-current resistance Z630 when an alternating voltage of 1 Vp-p with a frequency of 630 Hz is applied satisfies Formula (3) below: log10 C?3.18×log10 Z?30.27;??Formula (1): 6.3?log10 Z0.63?6.9; and??Formula (2): 9.1?log10 Z630?9.9.

Abstract: An endless belt includes a base material layer containing a polymer material and conductive particles, wherein, in an image obtained by observing a cross section taken along a thickness direction of the base material layer with an atomic force microscope, a proportion of a total area Ap of cross sections of all the conductive particles is 9.0% or more and 14.5% or less with respect to a total cross-sectional area At of the base material layer, and a proportion of a total area Ab of cross sections of conductive particles having an area of 0.01 ?m2 or more among cross sections of the conductive particles is 28.0% or more and 65.0% or less with respect to the total area Ap of cross sections of all the conductive particles.

Abstract: A conductive roller includes a support member, an elastic layer disposed on an outer peripheral surface of the support member, and a surface layer disposed on an outer peripheral surface of the elastic layer. The elastic layer includes a cylindrical elastic foam and a conductive covering layer covering an exposed surface of the elastic foam, and the elastic layer has a hysteresis loss of 44% or less.

Abstract: An endless belt includes a base material layer containing a polymer material and conductive particles, wherein, in an image obtained by observing a cross section taken along a thickness direction of the base material layer with an atomic force microscope, a proportion of a total area Ap of cross sections of all the conductive particles is 9.0% or more and 14.5% or less with respect to a total cross-sectional area At of the base material layer, and a proportion of a total area Ab of cross sections of conductive particles having an area of 0.01 µm2 or more among cross sections of the conductive particles is 28.0% or more and 65.0% or less with respect to the total area Ap of cross sections of all the conductive particles.

Abstract: A conductive roller includes a support member, an elastic layer disposed on an outer peripheral surface of the support member, and a surface layer disposed on an outer peripheral surface of the elastic layer. The elastic layer includes a cylindrical elastic foam and a conductive covering layer covering an exposed surface of the elastic foam and has a volume resistance value of 105? or less at an applied voltage of 10 V. The elastic foam has a conductive particle content of 1% by mass or less based on the total mass of the elastic foam.

Abstract: A conductive roller includes a support member, an elastic layer disposed on an outer peripheral surface of the support member, and a surface layer disposed on an outer peripheral surface of the elastic layer. The elastic layer includes a cylindrical elastic foam and a conductive covering layer covering an exposed surface of the elastic foam and has a volume resistance value of 105? or less at an applied voltage of 10 V. The elastic foam has a conductive particle content of 1% by mass or less based on the total mass of the elastic foam.

Abstract: An intermediate transfer body includes a base layer and a surface layer disposed on the base layer. The difference between the volume resistivity of the intermediate transfer body at an application voltage of 100 V, a temperature of 22° C., and a relative humidity of 55% and the volume resistivity of the intermediate transfer body at an application voltage of 500 kV, a temperature of 22° C., and a relative humidity of 55% is 2.0 log ?·cm or less. The difference between the volume resistivity of the intermediate transfer body at an application voltage of 500 kV, a temperature of 28° C., and a relative humidity of 85% and the volume resistivity of the intermediate transfer body at an application voltage of 500 kV, a temperature of 10° C., and a relative humidity of 30% is 1.0 log ?·cm or less.

Abstract: A conductive roller includes a support member, an elastic layer disposed on an outer peripheral surface of the support member, and an outer layer disposed on an outer peripheral surface of the elastic layer. The elastic layer includes a cylindrical elastic foam and has a Young?s modulus of 150 kPa or less.

Abstract: A conductive roll includes a support member, an elastic layer disposed on an outer peripheral surface of the support member, a surface layer disposed on an outer peripheral surface of the elastic layer, and an intermediate layer disposed between the elastic layer and the surface layer, the intermediate layer having a Poisson ratio of 0.40 or less.

Abstract: A conductive roller includes a support member, an elastic layer disposed on an outer peripheral surface of the support member, an intermediate layer disposed on an outer peripheral surface of the elastic layer, and a surface layer disposed on an outer peripheral surface of the intermediate layer. The elastic layer includes a cylindrical elastic foam and a conductive covering layer covering an exposed surface of the elastic foam. The Young's modulus Yd of the elastic layer and the Young's modulus Ym of the intermediate layer satisfy the relationship Yd<Ym.

Abstract: An intermediate transfer body includes a base layer and a surface layer disposed on the base layer. The difference between the volume resistivity of the intermediate transfer body at an application voltage of 100 V, a temperature of 22° C., and a relative humidity of 55% and the volume resistivity of the intermediate transfer body at an application voltage of 500 kV, a temperature of 22° C., and a relative humidity of 55% is 2.0 log ?·cm or less. The difference between the volume resistivity of the intermediate transfer body at an application voltage of 500 kV, a temperature of 28° C., and a relative humidity of 85% and the volume resistivity of the intermediate transfer body at an application voltage of 500 kV, a temperature of 10° C., and a relative humidity of 30% is 1.0 log ?·cm or less.

Abstract: A conductive roll includes a support member, an elastic layer disposed on an outer peripheral surface of the support member, and a top layer disposed on an outer peripheral surface of the elastic layer. In a case where a pushing amount of a metal roll into the conductive roll is 1.7%, the metal roll having an outer diameter identical to an outer diameter of the conductive roll, a shrinkage rate of a surface of the conductive roll with respect to the outer diameter of the conductive roll is equal to or more than 5%.

Abstract: Provided is a transfer device that includes an intermediate transfer body which is a first endless belt including a resin and conductive carbon particles and in which in a spatial distribution of the conductive carbon particles that are present in an evaluation region of 6.3 ?m×4.2 ?m on an outer peripheral surface; a first transfer component that first-transfers a toner image formed on a surface of an image carrier to a surface of the intermediate transfer body; and a second transfer component which has a second endless belt disposed so as to face the outer peripheral surface of the intermediate transfer body, which second-transfers the toner image transferred to the surface of the intermediate transfer body to a surface of a recording medium on the second endless belt.

Abstract: An endless belt includes a first resin and first conductive carbon particles. In the spatial distribution of the first conductive carbon particles present in an evaluation region of the outer peripheral surface of the endless belt which has a size of 6.3 ?m×4.2 ?m, the integral of the statistic L(r) represented by Formula (1) below from 0.05 ?m to 0.30 ?m with respect to an interparticle distance r is 0 or more and 0.

Abstract: A conductive roller includes a supporting member and a conductive elastic foam layer disposed on the supporting member. In a spectrum of amplitude (?m) vs. period (?m) obtained by subjecting a roughness waveform of the outer circumferential surface of the conductive elastic foam layer in an axial direction to fast Fourier transformation, the integrated value St of the amplitude within a period range of 100 ?m or more and 300 ?m or less is 455 ?m or less.

Abstract: A conductive member includes a conductive substrate; and a conductive elastic layer disposed on the conductive substrate and exhibiting ionic conduction. The conductive elastic layer contains an elastic material, which contains epichlorohydrin rubber, and an anti-aging agent, and the amount of free chlorine ions in the conductive elastic layer is 1 ?g/g or more and 80 ?g/g or less.

Abstract: A conductive member includes a conductive substrate; and a conductive elastic layer disposed on the conductive substrate and exhibiting ionic conduction. The conductive elastic layer contains an elastic material, which contains epichlorohydrin rubber, and an anti-aging agent, and the amount of free chlorine ions in the conductive elastic layer is 1 ?g/g or more and 80 ?g/g or less.