Abstract: A process for recovering gold from a gold-containing raw material, comprising leaching the gold-containing material with an aqueous solution comprising elemental bromine and bromide source to form a pregnant leach solution with the gold dissolved therein; separating said pregnant leach solution from the gold-depleted raw material, removing elemental bromine from said pregnant leach solution, extracting the gold from the pregnant leach solution in an acidic environment into an organic extractant, to form a gold-loaded extract and bromide-containing raffinate, stripping the extract with an alkaline aqueous solution to form a gold-bearing aqueous solution, generating gold (Au0) and treating bromide-containing stream(s) to produce recyclable elemental bromine.

Abstract: A process for recovering gold from a gold-containing raw material, comprising leaching the gold-containing material with an aqueous solution comprising elemental bromine and bromide source to form a pregnant leach solution with the gold dissolved therein; separating said pregnant leach solution from the gold-depleted raw material, removing elemental bromine from said pregnant leach solution, extracting the gold from the pregnant leach solution in an acidic environment into an organic extractant, to form a gold-loaded extract and bromide-containing raffmate, stripping the extract with an alkaline aqueous solution to form a gold-bearing aqueous solution, generating gold (Au0) and treating bromide-containing stream(s) to produce recyclable elemental bromine.

Abstract: The invention relates to the use of 1-alkyl-2-alkyl pyridinium halide (e.g., 1-ethyl-2-methyl pyridinium bromide), 1-alkyl-3-alkyl pyridinium halide (e.g., 1-ethyl-3-methyl pyridinium bromide) or 1-alkyl-3-alkyl imidazolium halide (e.g., 1-butyl 3-methyl imidazolium bromide) as additives in an electrolyte used in hydrogen/bromine cells, for complexing the elemental bromine formed in such cells. The invention also provides an electrolyte comprising aqueous hydrogen bromide and said additives, and processes for operating an electrochemical flow cell selected from the group consisting of hydrogen/bromine or vanadium/bromine cells.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for recovering bromide from a halide-containing aqueous stream, comprising the steps of: providing a feed of halide-containing aqueous stream; contacting an anion-exchange resin with said feed, to form halide-loaded resin; treating said halide-loaded resin with a regenerant and subsequently with a rinse to produce, in succession, a chloride-rich solution, a mixed chloride/bromide solution, a bromide-rich solution and an essentially halide-free solution; directing said mixed chloride/bromide solution to said feed; processing said bromide-rich solution to recover one or more bromide products; and utilizing said essentially halide-free solution for regenerant dilution and/or rinsing of said resin. An apparatus for carrying out the process is also disclosed.

Abstract: The invention relates to the use of 1-alkyl-2-alkyl pyridinium halide (e.g., 1-ethyl-2-methyl pyridinium bromide), 1-alkyl-3-alkyl pyridinium halide (e.g., 1-ethyl-3-methyl pyridinium bromide) or 1-alkyl-3-alkyl imidazolium halide (e.g., 1-butyl 3-methyl imidazolium bromide) as additives in an electrolyte used in hydrogen/bromine cells, for complexing the elemental bromine formed in such cells. The invention also provides an electrolyte comprising aqueous hydrogen bromide and said additives, and processes for operating an electrochemical flow cell selected from the group consisting of hydrogen/bromine or vanadium/bromine cells.

Abstract: A solvent extraction process for recovering bromide from a sulfate-containing aqueous stream, the process comprises an extraction step wherein said aqueous stream is mixed with an extraction medium comprising a tertiary amine extractant dissolved in one or more water-immiscible organic solvents, wherein said mixing is carried out in a strongly acidic environment, thereby forming bromide-containing extract and a raffinate with a reduced bromide level, wherein the bromide-containing extract is optionally treated to further minimize the presence of sulfate and is subsequently combined with an aqueous calcium source to form calcium bromide.

Abstract: The invention relates to the use of at least one 1-alkyl-3-alkyl-pyridinium halide, in particular 1-alkyl-3-methyl-pyridinium bromide, as an additive in bromine-generating electrochemical cells, such as zinc/bromine cells. Processes for preparing 1-alkyl-3-methyl-pyridinium bromide and concentrated aqueous solutions comprising same for use as additives in the aforementioned cells, are also disclosed.

Abstract: The invention relates to the use of nitrogen-containing compounds belonging to the classes of N-alkyl pyridinium halide, N-alkyl-2-alkyl pyridinium halide and 1-alkyl-3-alkyl imidazolium halide, as additives in electrolyte solutions for zinc bromine membraneless flow cells. The invention also provides electrolyte solutions comprising such additives and processes for operating said cells.

Abstract: The invention relates to the use of at least one 1-alkyl-3-alkyl-pyridinium halide, in particular 1-alkyl-3-methyl-pyridinium bromide, as an additive in bromine-generating electrochemical cells, such as zinc/bromine cells. Processes for preparing 1-alkyl-3-methyl-pyridinium bromide and concentrated aqueous solutions comprising same for use as additives in the aforementioned cells, are also disclosed.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for recovering bromide from a halide-containing aqueous stream, comprising the steps of: providing a feed of halide-containing aqueous stream; contacting an anion-exchange resin with said feed, to form halide-loaded resin; treating said halide-loaded resin with a regenerant and subsequently with a rinse to produce, in succession, a chloride-rich solution, a mixed chloride/bromide solution, a bromide-rich solution and an essentially halide-free solution; directing said mixed chloride/bromide solution to said feed; processing said bromide-rich solution to recover one or more bromide products; and utilizing said essentially halide-free solution for regenerant dilution and/or rinsing of said resin. An apparatus for carrying out the process is also disclosed.

Abstract: A solvent extraction process for recovering bromide from a sulfate-containing aqueous stream, the process comprises an extraction step wherein said aqueous stream is mixed with an extraction medium comprising a tertiary amine extractant dissolved in one or more water-immiscible organic solvents, wherein said mixing is carried out in a strongly acidic environment, thereby forming bromide-containing extract and a raffinate with a reduced bromide level, wherein the bromide-containing extract is optionally treated to further minimize the presence of sulfate and is subsequently combined with an aqueous calcium source to form calcium bromide.

Abstract: The invention relates to the use of nitrogen-containing compounds belonging to the classes of N-alkyl pyridinium halide, N-alkyl-2-alkyl pyridinium halide and 1-alkyl-3-alkyl imidazolium halide, as additives in electrolyte solutions for zinc bromine membraneless flow cells. The invention also provides electrolyte solutions comprising such additives and processes for operating said cells.

Abstract: A method for generating molecular bromine in bromide-containing electrolyte solution suitable for use in a metal bromine cell, involves chemically oxidizing bromide (Br?) in the electrolyte solution in an acidic environment, to produce the molecular bromine.

Abstract: The invention relates to the use of 1-alkyl-2-alkyl pyridinium halide (e.g., 1-ethyl-2-methyl pyridinium bromide), 1-alkyl-3-alkyl pyridinium halide (e.g., 1-ethyl-3-methyl pyridinium bromide) or 1-alkyl-3-alkyl imidazolium halide (e.g., 1-butyl 3-methyl imidazolium bromide) as additives in an electrolyte used in hydrogen/bromine cells, for complexing the elemental bromine formed in such cells. The invention also provides an electrolyte comprising aqueous hydrogen bromide and said additives, and processes for operating an electrochemical flow cell selected from the group consisting of hydrogen/bromine or vanadium/bromine cells.

Abstract: A process for preparing gaseous elemental bromine and transferring it to a site of its intended use, comprising feeding a bromide (Br—) source, an oxidant and an acid into a reaction vessel to form an acidic aqueous reaction mixture, oxidizing the bromide at a temperature in the range between 59 C and the boiling point of said reaction mixture, thereby forming elemental bromine in a gaseous state, passing a stream of air through the reaction vessel and transferring metered amounts of the resultant mixture of air and bromine vapors to said site of use. The invention also provides an apparatus for carrying out the process.

Abstract: Provided is an anticorrosive composition for use in aqueous salt solutions. The composition contains an antimony compound and at least two other components selected from morpholine derivatives, acetylenic alcohols, ascorbic acid derivatives, and selenium compounds. The composition is particularly useful for inhibiting corrosion of metallic surfaces of drilling devices or refrigeration systems that are in contact with salt brines at elevated temperatures.

Abstract: A process relating to a preparing a clear aqueous composition. The process includes mixing in a vessel a high-capacity aqueous carrier, water-soluble organic acid having reducing capacity, a metalloid compound which is antimony or germanium compound, unsaturated alcohol and morpholine or derivative thereof, such that the dissolution of said metalloid compound in the aqueous carrier is accomplished under acidic environment.

Abstract: A method for generating molecular bromine in bromide-containing electrolyte solution suitable for use in a metal bromine cell, involves chemically oxidizing bromide (Br?) in the electrolyte solution in an acidic environment, to produce the molecular bromine.

Abstract: A liquid composition comprising a high-capacity aqueous carrier in which (i) a metalloid compound selected from the group consisting of antimony and germanium compounds and (ii) morpholine or derivative thereof are dissolved in the presence of (iii) unsaturated alcohol and (iv) water-soluble organic acid having reducing capacity, wherein the total concentration of said four components is preferably not less than 5% relative to the total weight of the composition. The composition is useful as a corrosion inhibitor. Also provided is a process for preparing the composition.

Abstract: Provided is an anticorrosive composition for use in aqueous salt solutions. The composition contains an antimony compound and at least two other components selected from morpholine derivatives, acetylenic alcohols, ascorbic acid derivatives, and selenium compounds. The composition is particularly useful for inhibiting corrosion of metallic surfaces of drilling devices or refrigeration systems that are in contact with salt brines at elevated temperatures.