Abstract: An actuator included in a head substrate of an ink-jet head receives, with an electrode on the surface of the actuator, power fed from the wiring of a wiring substrate arranged opposite the head substrate. A first electrode of the wiring substrate is electrically connected to the wiring, and protrudes to the side of the head substrate. A second electrode is electrically connected to the electrode on the surface of the actuator, protrudes to the side of the wiring substrate and is electrically connected to the first electrode. The head substrate and the wiring substrate are adhered to each other through an adhesive layer such that a space to which the first electrode and the second electrode are exposed is hermetically sealed. The hermetically sealed space is in a vacuum state or is filled with a gas containing a predetermined amount of water or less.

Abstract: An actuator included in a head substrate of an ink-jet head receives, with an electrode on the surface of the actuator, power fed from the wiring of a wiring substrate arranged opposite the head substrate. A first electrode of the wiring substrate is electrically connected to the wiring, and protrudes to the side of the head substrate. A second electrode is electrically connected to the electrode on the surface of the actuator, protrudes to the side of the wiring substrate and is electrically connected to the first electrode. The head substrate and the wiring substrate are adhered to each other through an adhesive layer such that a space to which the first electrode and the second electrode are exposed is hermetically sealed. The hermetically sealed space is in a vacuum state or is filled with a gas containing a predetermined amount of water or less.

Abstract: There is provide a low cost liquid display panel with high image quality, the liquid crystal display in which temperature compensation is unnecessary and image quality is not affected by temperature changes of the surrounding environment. In the active matrix cholesteric liquid crystal display panel, the time Tw for applying voltage to the liquid crystal layer at the time of image writing is set so that the variation ?Vs depending on temperature of the writing voltage which makes the liquid crystal layer to show approximate 50% of the maximum reflectance is less than or equal to a predetermined value within a predetermined temperature range.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a donor sheet for transferring a transfer layer having a prescribed shape onto a receiving substrate, wherein: a step for forming an organic semiconductor precursor wherein a solution in which the organic semiconductor precursor which converts to an organic semiconductor due to heat, is coated on a substrate sheet; a step for forming a transfer layer of a prescribed shape by heating the organic semiconductor precursor layer in the prescribed shape to convert the organic semiconductor precursor layer to the organic semiconductor; and a step for removing the organic semiconductor precursor that is not converted to the organic semiconductor are performed in that order.

Abstract: The present invention provides a film forming method of a uniform semiconductor layer having a large area at a low cost and equipment to form said semiconductor layer, by blowing gas against a coated layer to shorten the drying time and to decrease uneven drying. A film forming method of a semiconductor layer characterized by being provided, after a process to coat a semiconductor material containing a solvent on a substrate, with a process to blow gas against a coated layer of a semiconductor layer containing said solvent to evaporate the solvent.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a donor sheet for transferring a transfer layer having a prescribed shape onto a receiving substrate, wherein: a step for forming an organic semiconductor precursor wherein a solution in which the organic semiconductor precursor which converts to an organic semiconductor due to heat, is coated on a substrate sheet; a step for forming a transfer layer of a prescribed shape by heating the organic semiconductor precursor layer in the prescribed shape to convert the organic semiconductor precursor layer to the organic semiconductor; and a step for removing the organic semiconductor precursor that is not converted to the organic semiconductor are performed in that order.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display apparatus which have a circular polarizer and a liquid crystal display in a stack. The liquid crystal display has a chilral nematic liquid crystal layer between substrates, and on the mutually opposite sides of the substrates, electrodes and aligning layers are formed. The liquid crystal switches between a planar alignment state and a focal-conic alignment state depending on the voltage applied thereto through the electrodes. In a planar state, light reflected by the electrodes is absorbed by the circular polarizer, and a black display is made. In a focal-conic state, light reflected by the electrodes passes through the circular polarizer, and a white display is made.

Abstract: There is provide a low cost liquid display panel with high image quality, the liquid crystal display in which temperature compensation is unnecessary and image quality is not affected by temperature changes of the surrounding environment. In the active matrix cholesteric liquid crystal display panel, the time Tw for applying voltage to the liquid crystal layer at the time of image writing is set so that the variation ?Vs depending on temperature of the writing voltage which makes the liquid crystal layer to show approximate 50% of the maximum reflectance is less than or equal to a predetermined value within a predetermined temperature range.

Abstract: The present invention provides a film forming method of a uniform semiconductor layer having a large area at a low cost and equipment to form said semiconductor layer, by blowing gas against a coated layer to shorten the drying time and to decrease uneven drying. A film forming method of a semiconductor layer characterized by being provided, after a process to coat a semiconductor material containing a solvent on a substrate, with a process to blow gas against a coated layer of a semiconductor layer containing said solvent to evaporate the solvent.

Abstract: This invention can provide a liquid crystal display unit which can employ any liquid crystal material without being limited by its dielectric constant and initialize liquid crystal layer at low voltages. A liquid crystal display unit comprising pixel electrodes which are disposed in a matrix, common electrode and one of electrodes of supplementary capacitor which is opposite to the pixel electrode, liquid crystal layer containing a memory-type liquid crystal material sandwiched between the pixel electrode and the common electrode, and switching elements which respectively turn on and off voltage to pixel electrodes, wherein the liquid crystal display unit changes the states of liquid crystals to perform image erasing, writing, and displaying operations in sequence while driving the common electrode and one of electrodes of the supplementary capacitor so that the electrodes may have an identical potential.

Abstract: A liquid crystal light modulation element is provided that includes a liquid crystal layer held between a pair of substrates. The liquid crystal layer includes a liquid crystal material that exhibits a cholesteric phase and has a plurality of domains. The liquid crystal layer includes regions where the helical axes of the liquid crystal molecules in a focal conic state extend in regular directions within a plane that is substantially parallel to the surface substrate.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display apparatus which have a circular polarizer and a liquid crystal display in a stack. The liquid crystal display has a chilral nematic liquid crystal layer between substrates, and on the mutually opposite sides of the substrates, electrodes and aligning layers are formed. The liquid crystal switches between a planar alignment state and a focal-conic alignment state depending on the voltage applied thereto through the electrodes. In a planar state, light reflected by the electrodes is absorbed by the circular polarizer, and a black display is made. In a focal-conic state, light reflected by the electrodes passes through the circular polarizer, and a white display is made.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display apparatus having a circular polarizer (composed of a linear polarizer and a retardation film), a scattering layer and a liquid crystal display which are stacked one upon another. The liquid crystal display has a chiral nematic liquid crystal layer between substrates, and electrodes and aligning layers are provided on mutually opposite surfaces of the substrates. The chiral nematic liquid crystal changes between a planar state and a focal-conic state in accordance with a voltage applied thereto through the electrodes. When the liquid crystal is in a planar state, light reflected by the electrode formed on the substrate located farther from an observing side is absorbed in the circular polarizer, and a black display is made. When the liquid crystal is in a focal-conic state, light reflected by the electrode formed on the substrate located farther from the observing side passes through the circular polarizer, and a white display is made.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display apparatus which has: a liquid crystal display which has chiral nematic liquid crystal between a pair of substrates with electrodes thereon and which makes a display by use of selective reflection of the liquid crystal; and a driving circuit for driving the liquid crystal by applying voltages to the electrodes. When an electric field of a specified strength is applied to the chiral nematic liquid crystal, the liquid crystal changes the direction of the helical axis without untwisting. By using this characteristic, the direction of the helical axis of the liquid crystal is changed by changing the direction of the electric field applied thereto, and thereby, the liquid crystal is set to a planar state or a focal-conic state. In this way, writing on the liquid crystal is carried out.

Abstract: (1) A liquid crystal display element including a liquid crystal layer including liquid crystal contained between a pair of substrates and exhibiting a cholesteric phase, wherein an orientation film is arranged on at least one of the paired substrates, and is in contact with the liquid crystal layer, and liquid crystal molecular orientation processing for portions of each orientation film corresponding to pixel regions are effected in a manner different from that effected on at least a portion of a portion corresponding to non-pixel region of the orientation film on at least one of the substrates.

Abstract: A liquid crystal light modulation element includes a liquid crystal layer between first and second substrates. The liquid crystal layer includes a liquid crystal material exhibiting a cholesteric phase having a peak selective reflection wavelength in a visible wavelength range. When the liquid crystal layer is in the selective reflection state, it has pixel regions near the first and second substrates. The liquid crystal domains in the pixel regions near the first substrate are in a mixed state of polydomain and monodomain states. The liquid crystal domains in the pixel regions near the first substrate have a first ratio between the liquid crystal domains taking the polydomain and monodomain states. The liquid crystal domains in the pixel regions near the second substrate have a second ratio between the liquid crystal domains taking the polydomain and monodomain states. The first ratio is different from the second ratio.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display apparatus which has: a liquid crystal display which has chiral nematic liquid crystal between a pair of substrates with electrodes thereon and which makes a display by use of selective reflection of the liquid crystal; and a driving circuit for driving the liquid crystal by applying voltages to the electrodes. When an electric field of a specified strength is applied to the chiral nematic liquid crystal, the liquid crystal changes the direction of the helical axis without untwisting. By using this characteristic, the direction of the helical axis of the liquid crystal is changed by changing the direction of the electric field applied thereto, and thereby, the liquid crystal is set to a planar state or a focal-conic state. In this way, writing on the liquid crystal is carried out.

Abstract: (1) A liquid crystal display element including a liquid crystal layer including liquid crystal contained between a pair of substrates and exhibiting a cholesteric phase, wherein an orientation film is arranged on at least one of the paired substrates, and is in contact with the liquid crystal layer, and liquid crystal molecular orientation processing for portions of each orientation film corresponding to pixel regions are effected in a manner different from that effected on at least a portion of a portion corresponding to non-pixel region of the orientation film on at least one of the substrates.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of producing a plurality of LC display elements, each of the LC display elements including a first substrate, a second substrate and a seal wall, the seal wall being arranged between the first and second substrates, being adhered to both of the first and second substrates and being provided for sealing an LC.

Abstract: A reflective liquid crystal display apparatus includes a liquid crystal panel having a plurality of liquid crystal layers. Each liquid crystal layer includes a cholesteric liquid crystal that changes between a transmission state in which the liquid crystal transmits visible light and a reflection state in which the liquid crystal reflects a selected part of the visible light. Also, the apparatus includes a light guide having a front, a rear, and a peripheral surface connecting between front and rear surfaces. The light guide is positioned so that the rear surface opposes the liquid crystal panel. In this arrangement, light transmitted from the peripheral surface is transmitted through the rear surface to the liquid crystal panel.