Abstract: A microstrip antenna is formed on a multilayer substrate. The microstrip antenna includes a dipole formed of two dipole halves. Each of the dipole halves is formed in one of at least two layers of the multilayer substrate. Optionally, at least one passive reflector is located proximate the dipole in one of the layers, or a third layer of the substrate.

Abstract: A microstrip antenna includes at least one parasitic patch, located beside a central patch. The parasitic patch is electrically disconnected from the central patch, yet coupled to it, inductively or otherwise, to aid in transferring energy to/from the central patch.

Abstract: A hybrid control algorithm for low profile phased-array antennas, consisting of a gyro control and electronic beam-forming, operates to track the satellite. The antenna arrangements form a spatial phased-array capable of being rotated mechanically both in azimuth and elevation planes by the aid of step motors. An RF detector monitors the received RF power and provides a feedback signal to the control algorithm. Based on the monitored signals, provided by RF detector and gyros, the processing unit operates, under suitable algorithms, to home on and track the desired satellite. The arrangements can be mounted on a vehicle to provide TV and broadband internet signal to the user on the move.