Abstract: An electrochromic element includes: a first electrode; an electrochromic layer on the first electrode; a second electrode; and an electrolyte layer between the electrochromic layer and the second electrode. The electrolyte layer includes a basic compound.

Abstract: An electrochromic element including: a first electrode; a second electrode disposed to face the first electrode with a gap between the first electrode and the second electrode; a first electrochromic layer disposed on or above the first electrode, including conductor or semiconductor nano-structures and an electrochromic compound; and an electrolyte layer including an electrolyte, disposed between the first electrochromic layer and the second electrode, wherein the electrochromic compound is a compound represented by General Formula 1, and an anion of the electrolyte is a monovalent anion having oxidation potential higher than reduction potential of a dication of General Formula 1 by 3.1 V or greater, where X? is a monovalent anion having oxidation potential higher than reduction potential of the dication of General Formula 1 by 3.

Abstract: Provided is an electrochromic element including: a first electrode; a second electrode apart from and opposite to the first electrode; an electrolyte layer between the first electrode and the second electrode, containing an oxidizable substance or a reducible substance, or both; and at least one of an oxidizable electrochromic layer between the first electrode and the electrolyte layer, containing an oxidizable electrochromic compound, and a reducible electrochromic layer between the second electrode and the electrolyte layer, containing a reducible electrochromic compound, wherein an oxidation potential of the oxidizable substance is nobler than an oxidation potential of the oxidizable electrochromic compound, a reduction potential of the reducible substance is baser than a reduction potential of the reducible electrochromic compound, an oxidation reaction of the oxidizable substance is irreversible, and a reduction reaction of the reducible substance is irreversible.

Abstract: A pressure sensor has a stem in which a pressure introduction hole into which a pressure medium is introduced and a diaphragm deformable according to the pressure of the pressure medium are formed, and a strain detecting element which is arranged on the diaphragm via an insulating film and being configured to output a detection signal according to the deformation of the diaphragm. The strain detecting element is configured to have a portion made of polysilicon. A low doping layer having a higher electrical resistivity than polysilicon and a higher crystallinity than the insulating film is arranged between the insulating film and the strain detecting element.

Abstract: Electrochromic device including: first electrode; a first auxiliary electrode; a second electrode; a second auxiliary electrode having average distance of 100 mm or less with the first auxiliary electrode; an electrochromic layer; a solid electrolyte layer; and controlling unit configured to control to apply voltage according to a driving pattern that is at least one selected from the group consisting of a first driving pattern, a second driving pattern, and an initialization driving pattern, wherein the first driving pattern is a driving pattern configured to turn the electrochromic layer into first coloring state, the second driving pattern is a driving pattern configured to turn the first coloring state into a second coloring state that has coloring density lower than coloring density of the first coloring state, and the initialization driving pattern is driving pattern for forming an initial decolored state.

Abstract: Provided is an electrochromic display element including a first substrate, a first electrode over the first substrate, a first electrochromic layer over the first electrode, an electrolyte layer over the first electrochromic layer, a second electrode over the electrolyte layer, and a second substrate over the second electrode. The first electrochromic layer contains tin oxide having an average primary particle diameter of less than 30 nm and an electrochromic compound containing a functional group bindable to the tin oxide. The amount by mole of the electrochromic compound per area of the first electrochromic layer is from 2.0×10?8 mol/cm2 through 2.0×10?7 mol/cm2.

Abstract: An electrochromic element is provided including: a first substrate; a first electrode overlying the first substrate; a second substrate disposed at a distance from the first electrode; a second electrode overlying the second substrate; a first electrochemical reaction layer in contact with the first electrode; a second electrochemical reaction layer in contact with the second electrode; and an electrolyte layer between the first electrode and the second electrode. One of the first electrochemical reaction layer and the second electrochemical reaction layer is in a reversibly oxidizable state and the other is in a reversibly reducible state, at least one of the first electrochemical reaction layer and the second electrochemical reaction layer is an electrochromic layer, and E1??0.8 V (vs. FC/FC+) and E2??0.8 V (vs. FC/FC+) are satisfied, where E1 and E2 represent oxidation-reduction potentials of the first electrochemical reaction layer and the second electrochemical reaction layer, respectively.

Abstract: Provided is an electrochromic display device including a pair of supporting substrates facing each other, a pair of electrodes each disposed on the supporting substrate and facing each other, an electrochromic display layer disposed in contact with at least one of the pair of the electrodes, and an electrolyte layer disposed between the pair of the electrode, wherein the electrochromic display layer includes a plurality of electrochromic layers exhibiting mutually different coloring colors, and the plurality of the electrochromic layers are laminated on the electrode at least in a partial area of the electrode.

Abstract: Provided is an electrochromic element including: a first electrode; a second electrode apart from and opposite to the first electrode; an electrolyte layer between the first electrode and the second electrode, containing an oxidizable substance or a reducible substance, or both; and at least one of an oxidizable electrochromic layer between the first electrode and the electrolyte layer, containing an oxidizable electrochromic compound, and a reducible electrochromic layer between the second electrode and the electrolyte layer, containing a reducible electrochromic compound, wherein an oxidation potential of the oxidizable substance is nobler than an oxidation potential of the oxidizable electrochromic compound, a reduction potential of the reducible substance is baser than a reduction potential of the reducible electrochromic compound, an oxidation reaction of the oxidizable substance is irreversible, and a reduction reaction of the reducible substance is irreversible.

Abstract: An electrochromic display element is provided. The electrochromic display element includes a pair of electrodes and an electrochromic layer disposed between the electrodes. The electrochromic layer contains a solvent, a supporting electrolyte, an anodic electrochromic molecule comprising a triarylamine derivative, and a cathodic electrochromic molecule comprising a viologen derivative. Concentrations of the triarylamine derivative and the viologen derivative in the electrochromic layer are each 4 mM or more.

Abstract: An electrochromic element including: a first electrode; a second electrode disposed to face the first electrode with a gap between the first electrode and the second electrode; a first electrochromic layer disposed on or above the first electrode, including conductor or semiconductor nano-structures and an electrochromic compound; and an electrolyte layer including an electrolyte, disposed between the first electrochromic layer and the second electrode, wherein the electrochromic compound is a compound represented by General Formula 1, and an anion of the electrolyte is a monovalent anion having oxidation potential higher than reduction potential of a dication of General Formula 1 by 3.1 V or greater, where X? is a monovalent anion having oxidation potential higher than reduction potential of the dication of General Formula 1 by 3.

Abstract: An optical element using an electrochromic material capable of switching between a transparent state and a coloring state, includes a spectrum assisting visual functions or visual perception ability, the spectrum being used for visual recognition of the optical element in the coloring state.

Abstract: Electrochromic device including: first electrode; a first auxiliary electrode; a second electrode; a second auxiliary electrode having average distance of 100 mm or less with the first auxiliary electrode; an electrochromic layer; a solid electrolyte layer; and controlling unit configured to control to apply voltage according to a driving pattern that is at least one selected from the group consisting of a first driving pattern, a second driving pattern, and an initialization driving pattern, wherein the first driving pattern is a driving pattern configured to turn the electrochromic layer into first coloring state, the second driving pattern is a driving pattern configured to turn the first coloring state into a second coloring state that has coloring density lower than coloring density of the first coloring state, and the initialization driving pattern is driving pattern for forming an initial decolored state.

Abstract: Provided is an electrochromic display device including a pair of supporting substrates facing each other, a pair of electrodes each disposed on the supporting substrate and facing each other, an electrochromic display layer disposed in contact with at least one of the pair of the electrodes, and an electrolyte layer disposed between the pair of the electrode, wherein the electrochromic display layer includes a plurality of electrochromic layers exhibiting mutually different coloring colors, and the plurality of the electrochromic layers are laminated on the electrode at least in a partial area of the electrode.

Abstract: An electrochromic element is provided including: a first substrate; a first electrode overlying the first substrate; a second substrate disposed at a distance from the first electrode; a second electrode overlying the second substrate; a first electrochemical reaction layer in contact with the first electrode; a second electrochemical reaction layer in contact with the second electrode; and an electrolyte layer between the first electrode and the second electrode. One of the first electrochemical reaction layer and the second electrochemical reaction layer is in a reversibly oxidizable state and the other is in a reversibly reducible state, at least one of the first electrochemical reaction layer and the second electrochemical reaction layer is an electrochromic layer, and E1??0.8 V (vs. FC/FC+) and E2??0.8 V (vs. FC/FC+) are satisfied, where E1 and E2 represent oxidation-reduction potentials of the first electrochemical reaction layer and the second electrochemical reaction layer, respectively.

Abstract: An electrochromic display element is provided. The electrochromic display element includes a pair of electrodes and an electrochromic layer disposed between the electrodes. The electrochromic layer contains a solvent, a supporting electrolyte, an anodic electrochromic molecule comprising a triarylamine derivative, and a cathodic electrochromic molecule comprising a viologen derivative. Concentrations of the triarylamine derivative and the viologen derivative in the electrochromic layer are each 4 mM or more.

Abstract: An electronic apparatus that reads an HTML file and an applet from a storage portion storing the HTML file and the applet, and transmits the HTML file and the applet to a computer through a communication network, has a data collection portion that collects data from an external process, and a communication portion that transmits the HTML file and the applet read from the storage portion, and the data collected by the data collection portion to the computer through the communication network, wherein the applet involves a CGI applet using CGI, which requests to transmit the data collected by the data collection portion.

Abstract: An electronic apparatus enables to read and write HTML files from and into a storage portion, and is connected to a computer through a communication network. The electronic apparatus has a data collection and process portion that collects data obtained from an external process, reads an original HTML file from the storage portion, incorporates the collected data into the original HTML file to produce a new HTML file, and writes the new HTML file into the storage portion; and a communication portion that transmits the new HTML file stored in the storage portion to the computer.

Abstract: An improved process control sytem wherein objects having functions for configuring a process control system are distributed and arranged in a plurality of computers connected to a network and each distributed and arranged object shares the functions of the process control system; information component cassettes are provided having individual information related to monitoring and operation and methods to display the information in an optimum display form, and the cassettes are provided according to the types of information; an information component deck is provided which arranges the information component cassettes and offers a unified interface for accessing the information component cassettes; and control objects are provided for controlling a plant and display objects for monitoring and operation of the plants, the control objects and display objects being related to each other and operated in association with each other.