Abstract: A device includes a light emitting element, a light receiving element, an electronic part capable of processing a signal output from the light receiving element, an optical member covering the light emitting element and the light receiving element, and a board on which the light emitting element, the light receiving element, the electronic part, and the optical member are mounted. The board includes conductor wiring electrically connected to the light receiving element.

Abstract: A device includes a light emitting element, a light receiving element, an electronic part capable of processing a signal output from the light receiving element, an optical member covering the light emitting element and the light receiving element, and a board on which the light emitting element, the light receiving element, the electronic part, and the optical member are mounted. The board includes conductor wiring electrically connected to the light receiving element.

Abstract: A device includes a light emitting element, a light receiving element, an electronic part capable of processing a signal output from the light receiving element, an optical member covering the light emitting element and the light receiving element, and a board on which the light emitting element, the light receiving element, the electronic part, and the optical member are mounted. The board includes conductor wiring electrically connected to the light receiving element.

Abstract: A device includes a light emitting element, a light receiving element, an electronic part capable of processing a signal output from the light receiving element, an optical member covering the light emitting element and the light receiving element, and a board on which the light emitting element, the light receiving element, the electronic part, and the optical member are mounted. The board includes conductor wiring electrically connected to the light receiving element.

Abstract: When preignition is detected, and an engine speed is less than a predetermined value (Nex), an air/fuel ratio is enriched (S22), and then, when the preignition is detected even after enriching the air/fuel ratio, an effective compression ratio of an engine is reduced (S23), whereafter, when the preignition is detected even after reducing the effective compression ratio, a part of injection fuel is injected in a compression stroke (S24). On the other hand, when preignition is detected, and an engine speed is equal to or greater than the predetermined value (Nex), the air/fuel ratio is enriched (S31), and then, when the preignition is detected even after enriching the air/fuel ratio, a part of the fuel is injected in the compression stroke (S32). This makes it possible to effectively suppress the occurrence of preignition while maximally avoiding deterioration in emission performance and lowering in engine power output.

Abstract: When a maximum value of vibration intensity (maximum vibration intensity)(Vmax) acquired from a vibration sensor (33) in a low engine speed/high engine load (operating region (R)) is equal to or greater than a given threshold value (X), a spark timing of a spark plug (16) is shifted from a point set in a normal state on a retard side with respect to a compression top dead center, farther toward the retard side. Then, when a maximum vibration intensity (Vmax2) acquired after the spark timing retard is greater than a maximum vibration intensity (Vmax1) acquired before the spark timing retard, it is determined that preignition occurs. This technique makes it possible to reliably detect preignition using the vibration sensor, while distinguishing the preignition from knocking. An in-cylinder pressure sensor for detecting an in-cylinder pressure of an engine may be used to determine the presence or absence of the preignition, in the same manner.

Abstract: A system and method of controlling an internal combustion engine are provided. The method may include closing said intake valve at a timing in a first range, which is before a maximum charge closing timing with which an amount of air inducted into said cylinder from said air intake passage would be maximized at a given engine speed, during a cylinder cycle when a desired amount of air to be inducted into said cylinder is less than or equal to a predetermined air amount at the given engine speed. The method may further include closing said intake valve at a timing in a second range, which is after said maximum charge closing timing and separated from said first range during a cylinder cycle, when a desired amount of air to be inducted into said cylinder is greater than said predetermined air amount at the given engine speed.

Abstract: When preignition is detected, and an engine speed is less than a predetermined value (Nex), an air/fuel ratio is enriched (S22), and then, when the preignition is detected even after enriching the air/fuel ratio, an effective compression ratio of an engine is reduced (S23), whereafter, when the preignition is detected even after reducing the effective compression ratio, a part of injection fuel is injected in a compression stroke (S24). On the other hand, when preignition is detected, and an engine speed is equal to or greater than the predetermined value (Nex), the air/fuel ratio is enriched (S31), and then, when the preignition is detected even after enriching the air/fuel ratio, a part of the fuel is injected in the compression stroke (S32). This makes it possible to effectively suppress the occurrence of preignition while maximally avoiding deterioration in emission performance and lowering in engine power output.

Abstract: When a maximum value of vibration intensity (maximum vibration intensity) (Vmax) acquired from a vibration sensor (33) in a low engine speed/high engine load (operating region (R)) is equal to or greater than a given threshold value (X), a spark timing of a spark plug (16) is shifted from a point set in a normal state on a retard side with respect to a compression top dead center, farther toward the retard side. Then, when a maximum vibration intensity (Vmax2) acquired after the spark timing retard is greater than a maximum vibration intensity (Vmax1) acquired before the spark timing retard, it is determined that preignition occurs. This technique makes it possible to reliably detect preignition using the vibration sensor, while distinguishing the preignition from knocking. An in-cylinder pressure sensor for detecting an in-cylinder pressure of an engine may be used to determine the presence or absence of the preignition, in the same manner.

Abstract: There is provided a method of controlling a spark ignited internal combustion engine having a fuel injector which injects fuel directly into its combustion chamber. The method comprises injecting a total amount of fuel into a combustion chamber by early in a compression stroke during a cylinder cycle at a first engine speed. The method further comprises injecting a first stage of fuel into the combustion chamber during a cylinder cycle by an early in a compression stroke of the cylinder cycle, and injecting a second stage of fuel by late in the compression stroke during the cylinder cycle at a second engine speed less than the first engine speed, after injecting the first stage of fuel. The amount of the second stage fuel is greater than an amount of said first stage fuel. Accordingly, the first and second stage fuels may not be pre-ignited before the spark ignition.

Abstract: A system and method of controlling an internal combustion engine are provided. The method may include closing said intake valve at a timing in a first range, which is before a maximum charge closing timing with which an amount of air inducted into said cylinder from said air intake passage would be maximized at a given engine speed, during a cylinder cycle when a desired amount of air to be inducted into said cylinder is less than or equal to a predetermined air amount at the given engine speed. The method may further include closing said intake valve at a timing in a second range, which is after said maximum charge closing timing and separated from said first range during a cylinder cycle, when a desired amount of air to be inducted into said cylinder is greater than said predetermined air amount at the given engine speed.

Abstract: A control system in an automobile has a controller to provide an air-to-fuel ratio leaner than an ideally combustible air-to-fuel ratio when a lean control range of engine operating conditions is detected, and a controller to increase an air flow rate so as to enrich a fuel mixture when an engine operating condition is transitional to the lean control range. The control system conducts sequentially the lean control and the enrich control according to transitional patterns to the lean control range.

Abstract: An intake system for an engine is disclosed in which an inlet passageway for one cylinder includes a common inlet passageway and first and second branch inlet passages having a branch portion at a downstream side of the common inlet passageway, said first branch inlet passage communicating with a first inlet port and said second branch inlet passage communicating with a second inlet port; said first inlet port having an opening for the cylinder and being designed to allow air to be admitted into the cylinder in a direction in which the air swirls therein, and said second inlet port having an opening therefor and being designed to cause air to be admitted thereinto in a direction it disturbs formation of such swirls; and said inlet passageway being provided at its inner wall portion with a wall member for deflecting air admitted from the common inlet passageway toward the first branch inlet passage.