Abstract: A hernia repair prosthetic element includes: a central portion which covers a hernia opening within a patient; plural support portions integrally connected about a periphery of the central portion for securing the central portion in covering relation to the hernia opening; the prosthetic element, including the central and support portions, being a substantially planar member formed of flexible mesh material; the support portions being foldable relative to the central portion so that the prosthetic element can be selectively manipulated between folded and unfolded shapes; the support portions being adapted to securely engage various components of the patient's body surrounding the hernia opening; and openings are formed through the central portion for passage of fluid therethrough. The prosthetic element has only two basic shapes, one for use in relation to all groin hernias and one for use in relation to all abdominal hernias.

Abstract: An apparatus and method of performing a cholecystectomy procedure through a 3-centimeter incision in the minimum stress triangle through the falciform ligament which provides for direct vertical view of the biliary ducts during dissection. Special tools are provided for this type and other types of surgical operations including obtuse-angled retractors having optionally fixed thereto lighting devices and/or suction devices.