Abstract: A dynamic tactile interface includes a tactile layer including a peripheral region and a deformable region adjacent the peripheral region, the deformable region operable between an expanded setting and a retracted setting; a substrate coupled to the peripheral region and defining a fluid conduit and a fluid channel fluidly coupled to the fluid conduit, the fluid conduit adjacent the deformable region; and a spring element coupled to the substrate between the tactile layer and the substrate, arranged substantially over the fluid conduit, and operable in a first distended position and a second distended position, the spring element at a local minimum of potential energy in the expanded setting and in the first distended position and at a second potential energy greater than the local minimum of potential energy between the first distended position and the second distended position, the spring element defining a nonlinear displacement response to an input displacing the deformable region in the expanded setting

Abstract: A dynamic tactile interface including a tactile layer including an attachment surface, a peripheral region, and a deformable region adjacent the peripheral region, the deformable region operable between a retracted setting and an expanded setting tactilely distinguishable from the peripheral region; a substrate coupled to the attachment surface at the peripheral region and defining a fluid conduit and a fluid channel fluidly coupled to the fluid conduit, the fluid conduit adjacent the deformable region; a first electromagnetic element coupled to the substrate proximal the deformable region and outputting a first electromagnetic field; and a second electromagnetic element coupled to the tactile layer at the deformable region and outputting a second electromagnetic field, the second electromagnetic element attracted to the first electromagnetic element in a first setting and repelling the first electromagnetic element in a second setting.

Abstract: A dynamic tactile interface includes a tactile layer including a peripheral region and a deformable region adjacent the peripheral region, the deformable region operable between an expanded setting and a retracted setting; a substrate coupled to the peripheral region and defining a fluid conduit and a fluid channel fluidly coupled to the fluid conduit, the fluid conduit adjacent the deformable region; and a spring element coupled to the substrate between the tactile layer and the substrate, arranged substantially over the fluid conduit, and operable in a first distended position and a second distended position, the spring element at a local minimum of potential energy in the expanded setting and in the first distended position and at a second potential energy greater than the local minimum of potential energy between the first distended position and the second distended position, the spring element defining a nonlinear displacement response to an input displacing the deformable region in the expanded setting

Abstract: A dynamic tactile interface includes a tactile layer including an attachment surface, a peripheral region, and a deformable region adjacent the peripheral region, the deformable region operable between a retracted setting and an expanded setting; a substrate coupled to the attachment surface at the peripheral region and defining a fluid conduit and a fluid channel fluidly coupled to the fluid conduit, the fluid conduit adjacent the deformable region; a first magnet coupled to the substrate proximal the deformable region; and a second magnet coupled to the tactile layer at the deformable region and magnetically coupled to the first magnet, the first magnet and the second magnet cooperating to yield a nonlinear displacement of the deformable region in the expanded setting toward the substrate in response to a force applied to the tactile surface at the deformable region.