Abstract: A power conversion apparatus includes: a converter configured to convert AC power that is input from an AC power supply via a first conductive line pair, into DC power; an inverter configured to convert the DC power that is output from the converter to a second conductive line pair, into the AC power; and a capacitor connected between conductive lines of the first conductive line pair or between conductive lines of the second conductive line pair, between one or more reactors and the inverter, wherein, letting a carrier frequency for driving the inverter be fC, a resonance frequency of an LC filter constituted by the one or more reactors and the capacitor be fLC, and a maximum value of an output frequency of the inverter be MAX(f0), MAX(f0) satisfies 6 times MAX(f0)<fLC<fC?3 times MAX(f0).

Abstract: A lower-side structure forms a specimen chamber in which a specimen base is provided. An upper-side structure forms a nozzle chamber above the specimen chamber. The specimen chamber and the nozzle chamber are separated by a gate valve. In the nozzle chamber, at least a tip opening of a nozzle that ejects a specimen is present. A control device maintains a relationship of gas pressures such that a gas pressure in the specimen chamber is higher than a gas pressure in the nozzle chamber when the lower-side structure and the upper-side structure are in communication with each other.

Abstract: A lower-side structure forms a specimen chamber in which a specimen base is provided. An upper-side structure forms a nozzle chamber above the specimen chamber. The specimen chamber and the nozzle chamber are separated by a gate valve. In the nozzle chamber, at least a tip opening of a nozzle that ejects a specimen is present. A control device maintains a relationship of gas pressures such that a gas pressure in the specimen chamber is higher than a gas pressure in the nozzle chamber when the lower-side structure and the upper-side structure are in communication with each other.

Abstract: An X-ray detection system has an electron beam irradiation portion, a diffraction grating, a splitter for distributing the direction of propagation of the diffracted X-rays such that an imaging plane for the diffracted X-rays is assigned to plural positions spaced apart in a direction perpendicular to the direction of energy dispersion of the diffracted X-rays, and image sensors different in energy sensitivity disposed respectively at the positions to which the imaging plane is assigned.

Abstract: An X-ray detection system has an electron beam irradiation portion, a diffraction grating, a splitter for distributing the direction of propagation of the diffracted X-rays such that an imaging plane for the diffracted X-rays is assigned to plural positions spaced apart in a direction perpendicular to the direction of energy dispersion of the diffracted X-rays, and image sensors different in energy sensitivity disposed respectively at the positions to which the imaging plane is assigned.