Abstract: The invention relates to a light-guidance plate for liquid crystal display backlights, which ensures frontally symmetric, bright illumination over a wide field angle. The light-guidance plate 1 used for a liquid crystal display backlight comprises a transparent plate substrate having a front surface 11, a back surface 12 and an end face 15 for introduction therein of illumination light from a light source. The back surface 12 is provided with V-grooves 21 of V shape in section or quadrangular cone grooves 21?, each comprising slants 20 and 20 having an angle of ±(45°±5°) with respect to a center plane 1? including the center of the entrance end 15 and parallel with the plane of the plate substrate, and a direct-reflection layer 30 is provided on each slant.

Abstract: The invention relates to a bright light-guidance plate for flat light sources, which is easy to fabricate, makes a surface luminance distribution easily uniform and so the efficiency of utilization of light high, and ensures a display surface having a variation-free uniform luminance even when used as a backlight or the like for a transmission type liquid crystal display, and provides a light-guidance plate for flat light sources used as a surface form of light source, which comprises a transparent plate substrate 1 such that light from a light source 10 located facing one peripheral end face 15 thereof is entered in the transparent plate substrate 1 from the end face facing the light source, and light guided through internal reflection is scattered by a scatterer source located on one surface of the transparent plate substrate toward the front surface 11 side of the transparent plate substrate, leaving the transparent plate substrate.

Abstract: There is provided an ink jet head to transmit a shock wave propagated by an oscillator plate to the ink discharge orifice without significant power-loss for ink ejection. An ink jet head has a body (10) having an oscillator plate with an outer surface (11) and an inner surface (12), the inner surface being parallel to the outer surface. The ink jet head also has an ink pressuring chamber formed in the body between the inner surface and an opposed lower wall (13), the lower wall being angled relative to the inner surface. The ink jet head also has an ink feed chamber formed in the body. The ink jet head also has an ink feed passage formed in the body communicating between the ink feed chamber and the ink pressuring chamber, the ink feed passage having an ink feed orifice opening into the ink pressuring chambers.

Abstract: A method for exposing a peripheral part of a wafer according to the present invention is to expose the peripheral part, taking account of a correcting angle determined by calculating the amount of misalignment between a center of a wafer and a rotational center for the wafer from the amount of displacement of a sensor for detecting a peripheral edge. Therefore, any wafer-centering motion and mechanism are not required, and this method is higher in precision of exposing position.