Abstract: An apparatus according to the present invention in which a first substrate including a photoelectric conversion element and a gate electrode of a transistor, and a second substrate including a peripheral circuit portion are placed upon each other. The first substrate does not include a high-melting-metal compound layer, and the second substrate includes a high-melting-metal compound layer.

Abstract: A fire alarming system includes a plurality of terminal devices including fire sensors, transmitters, manual boxes, and/or other devices to be controlled; and a receiving device to which the plurality of terminal devices are connected. A great number of terminal devices with a manual box are connected to the receiving device. When a plurality of manual boxes are activated at the same time, the terminal devices corresponding to the activated manual boxes can be called at the same time without encountering a collision among returning-back signals transmitted from these terminal devices. That is, when a plurality of manual boxes are activated at the same time, the signal of only one of the plurality of activated manual boxes can arrive at the receiving device.

Abstract: A fire alarming system includes a plurality of terminal devices including fire sensors, transmitters, manual boxs, and/or other devices to be controlled; and a receiving device to which the plurality of terminal devices are connected. A great number of terminal devices with a manual box are connected to the receiving device. When a plurality of manual boxs are activated at the same time, the terminal devices corresponding to the activated manual boxs can be called at the same time without encountering a collision among returning-back signals transmitted from these terminal devices. That is, when a plurality of manual boxs are activated at the same time, the signal of only one of the plurality of activated manual boxs can arrive at the receiving device.

Abstract: Light emitted from a light emitting element is converted into parallel light by a lens, and a light receiving element detects scattered light occurring due to particulate existent in a fan-shaped field pattern spreading along the optical path of the parallel light. Since parallel light is used, stray light can be processed within a limited space. Furthermore, since the scattered light of parallel light which occurs due to the particulate is detected using the fan-shaped field pattern, particulate detection can be performed on volumes of air at a high signal-to-noise ratio.

Abstract: An LD light-emitting circuit 2 comprises an analog multiplexer MP having a plurality of switches, and resistors R7, R8, R9 and R10 connected to these switches. When the temperature is not higher than a normal temperature, the resistor R7 is connected so that the amount of light emitted from the LD 1 is maintained constant. As the temperature rises, however, the resistor R8, R9 or R10 having increasing resistance is connected in response to a signal from a control circuit, in order to decrease the driving current that flows into the LD 1. This enables the LD 1 to suppress its own heating and to lengthen its life.