Abstract: A color filter substrate includes a light shielding layer arranged along the outer periphery of a display region on a glass substrate and defining a light shielding region and support members arranged so as to stand on the display region and a light shielding region of the glass substrate. The total height of the light shielding layer of the light shielding region and the support members disposed on the light shielding layer thereof is larger than the total height of a color layer in the display region and the support members disposed on the color layer thereof, and a panel thickness buffering region is located in a display region side peripheral portion of the light shielding region.

Abstract: A color filter substrate includes a light shielding layer arranged along the outer periphery of a display region on a glass substrate and defining a light shielding region and support members arranged so as to stand on the display region and a light shielding region of the glass substrate. The total height of the light shielding layer of the light shielding region and the support members disposed on the light shielding layer thereof is larger than the total height of a color layer in the display region and the support members disposed on the color layer thereof, and a panel thickness buffering region is located in a display region side peripheral portion of the light shielding region.

Abstract: A dioptric element array substrate 10 includes: a first dioptric element array 2 having a plurality of first dioptric elements 2a arranged two-dimensionally; a second dioptric element array 4 having a plurality of second dioptric elements 4a having a first refractive index arranged two-dimensionally in one-to-one correspondence with the first dioptric elements; and a third dioptric element array 5 having a second refractive index different from the first refractive index. Principal rays of beams incident on the first dioptric element array at different angles and converged with the first dioptric element array are collimated with the second and third dioptric element arrays.

Abstract: A method for fabricating a liquid crystal display device, which includes a liquid crystal layer, a pair of electrodes for use to apply a voltage to the liquid crystal layer, and at least one inorganic alignment film. The inorganic alignment film makes direct contact with the liquid crystal layer and is made of a crystalline conductive film where crystal grains are oriented in a predetermined direction preferentially.

Abstract: A method for fabricating a liquid crystal display device, which includes a liquid crystal layer, a pair of electrodes for use to apply a voltage to the liquid crystal layer, and at least one inorganic alignment film. The inorganic alignment film makes direct contact with the liquid crystal layer and is made of a crystalline conductive film where crystal grains are oriented in a predetermined direction preferentially.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes a liquid crystal layer, a pair of electrodes for use to apply a voltage to the liquid crystal layer, and at least one inorganic alignment film. The inorganic alignment film makes direct contact with the liquid crystal layer and is made of a crystalline conductive film where crystal grains are oriented in a predetermined direction preferentially.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes a first substrate, a second substrate opposing the first substrate, a liquid crystal layer provided in a gap between the first substrate and the second substrate, and a temperature adjustment member formed on the first substrate and/or the second substrate. The panel temperature T (° C.) of the liquid crystal display device is controlled to be equal to or greater than TNI-65 and less than or equal to TNI-15, where TNI (° C.) is the nematic-isotropic phase transition temperature of the liquid crystal composition of the liquid crystal layer.

Abstract: A dioptric element array substrate 10 includes: a first dioptric element array 2 having a plurality of first dioptric elements 2a arranged two-dimensionally; a second dioptric element array 4 having a plurality of second dioptric elements 4a having a first refractive index arranged two-dimensionally in one-to-one correspondence with the first dioptric elements; and a third dioptric element array 5 having a second refractive index different from the first refractive index. Principal rays of beams incident on the first dioptric element array at different angles and converged with the first dioptric element array are collimated with the second and third dioptric element arrays.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes a first substrate, a second substrate opposing the first substrate, a liquid crystal layer provided in a gap between the first substrate and the second substrate, and a temperature adjustment member formed on the first substrate and/or the second substrate. The panel temperature T (° C.) of the liquid crystal display device is controlled to be equal to or greater than TNI-65 and less than or equal to TNI-15, where TNI (° C.) is the nematic-isotropic phase transition temperature of the liquid crystal composition of the liquid crystal layer.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes a liquid crystal layer, a pair of electrodes for use to apply a voltage to the liquid crystal layer, and at least one inorganic alignment film. The inorganic alignment film makes direct contact with the liquid crystal layer and is made of a crystalline conductive film where crystal grains are oriented in a predetermined direction preferentially.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a liquid crystal composite layer of the polymer dispersion type wherein a liquid crystal material comprising compounds of formulae (1) and (2) is dispersed in a matrix polymer; wherein formula (1) is: ##STR1## wherein A.sub.1 and A.sub.2 each represent independently a benzene ring, cyclohexane ring, pyrimidine ring or trans-1,3-dioxane ring;X.sub.1, X.sub.2, X.sub.3, X.sub.4, X.sub.5 and X.sub.6 each independently represent H, F or Cl;Z.sub.1 and Z.sub.2 each independently represent a single bond, --CH.sub.2 --, --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 --, --CH.dbd.CH--, --C.tbd.C--, --COO-- or --OCO--;Q represents a single bond, --CH.sub.2 --, --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 --, --CF.sub.2 --, --OCF.sub.2, --C.sub.2 F.sub.4 --, --CCl.sub.2 -- or --C.sub.2 Cl.sub.4 --;Y represents H, F or Cl;R represents C.sub.n H.sub.2n+1 O--, C.sub.n H.sub.2n+1 CH.dbd.CH-- (n=2-10);m represents 0, 1 or 2; ##STR2## in which B and C represent respectively C.sub.n H.sub.2n+1 --, C.sub.n H.sub.2n+1 O--, C.sub.n H.sub.2n+1 CH.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a liquid crystal composite layer of the polymer dispersion type wherein a liquid crystal material comprising compounds of formulae (1) and (2) is dispersed in a matrix polymer; wherein formula (1) is: ##STR1## wherein A.sub.1 and A.sub.2 each represent independently a benzene ring, cyclohexane ring, pyrimidine ring or trans-1,3-dioxane ring;X.sub.1, X.sub.2, X.sub.3, X.sub.4,X.sub.5 and X.sub.6 each independently represent H, F or Cl;Z.sub.1 and Z.sub.2 each independently represent a single bond, --CH.sub.2 --, --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 --, --CH.dbd.CH--, --C.tbd.C--, --COO-- or --OCO--;Q represents a single bond, --CH.sub.2 --, --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 --, --CF.sub.2 --, --OCF.sub.2, --C.sub.2 F.sub.4 --, --CCl.sub.2 -- or --C.sub.2 Cl.sub.4 --;Y represents H, F or Cl;R represents C.sub.n H.sub.2n+1 O--, C.sub.n H.sub.2n+1 CH.dbd.CH-- (n=2-10);m represents 0, 1 or 2; ##STR2## in which B and C represent respectively C.sub.n H.sub.2n+1 --, C.sub.n H.sub.2n+1 O--, C.sub.n H.sub.2n+1 CH.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for the liquefaction of coal in which a slurry composed of the coal, a solvent, and an iron ore consisting mainly of a hydrate of iron oxide is heated under an elevated pressure of hydrogen.

Abstract: In a process wherein a slurry of water-containing coal and a solvent is heated to 100.degree.-350.degree. C. and then subjected to vapor-liquid separation by which water vapor is separated from the slurry to obtain a dehydrated slurry, a slurry to be dehydrated is mixed with a part of the dehydrated slurry and then heated. The dehydrated slurry thus obtained is suitable for use as a starting material for the hydrogenolysis of coal.

Abstract: Coal is dissolved in a hydrocarbon solvent, heated and purged of insolubles to form various types of solvent purified coal having different degrees of depolymerization. These various types of solvent purified coal are then coked to yield a variety of green coke products. The solvent purified coal is useful as a raw material for needle-like green coke when the value of its (N+O+S)/C atomic ratio is less than 0.0445; for coarse mosaic green coke when the value is in the range of from 0.0445 to but excluding 0.0516; for mosaic green coke when the value is in the range of from 0.0516 to but excluding 0.0584; for fine mosaic green coke when the value is in the range of from 0.0584 to but excluding 0.0645; and for glassy green coke when the value is equal to or greater than 0.0645.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the production of solvent-refined coal useful as a starting material for micromosaic carbonaceous products and having an O/C atomic ratio of 0.040 to <0.046, or useful as a starting material for coarse mosaic carbonaceous products and having an O/C atomic ratio of 0.030 to <0.040 or useful as a starting material for needle like carbonaceous products and having an O/C atomic ratio of less than 0.030. The process comprises dissolving in a hydrocarbon solvent a coal intrinsically having an O/C atomic ratio of 0.030 to <0.055 or a coal pretreated with a solvent, under hydrogen pressure, so as to have an O/C atomic ratio of 0.030 to <0.055, and heating the resultant coal solution under a pressure of hydrogen for a period of time sufficient to form said solvent-refined coal.