Abstract: In a GaN crystal substrate, a rear surface opposite to a crystal growth surface can have a warpage w(R) satisfying ?50 ?m?w(R)?50 ?m, a surface roughness Ra(R) satisfying Ra(R)?10 ?m, and a surface roughness Ry(R) satisfying R(R)?75 ?m. Further, a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device includes the step of preparing the GaN crystal substrate as a substrate and growing at least one group-III nitride crystal layer on a side of the crystal growth surface of the GaN crystal substrate. Thereby, a GaN crystal substrate having a rear surface with a reduced warpage and allowing a semiconductor layer having good crystallinity to be formed on a crystal growth surface thereof, a method of manufacturing the same, and a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device are provided.

Abstract: A method of measuring warpage of a rear surface of a substrate includes a substrate detection step, a best fit plane calculation step, and a warpage calculation step. Further, the method of measuring warpage of a rear surface of a substrate can further includes after the substrate detection step and before the best fit plane calculation step: a noise removal step and an outer peripheral portion removal step; the outer peripheral portion removal step and a smoothing step; or the noise removal step, the outer peripheral portion removal step, and the smoothing step. Thereby, a method of measuring warpage of a rear surface with a high surface roughness of a substrate can be provided.

Abstract: [Problem] To provide a fine fibrous cellulosic material capable of producing a saccharide in a high yield by hydrolysis; to provide a process for producing the fine fibrous cellulosic material from a cellulosic material; and to provide a process for producing the saccharide using the fine fibrous cellulosic material. [Means for Solving Problems] The present invention is the fine fibrous cellulosic material containing cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, which the fine fibrous cellulosic material has a width of 1 ?m or less and a length of 5,000 ?m or less and is used for glycation reaction by hydrolysis.

Abstract: A sealed battery includes an electrode group formed by winding or stacking a positive electrode including a current collector carrying an active material layer thereon, a negative electrode including a current collector carrying an active material layer thereon and a separator interposed therebetween. The current collectors of the positive and negative electrodes are exposed at an end thereof and the exposed ends are welded to current collector terminals, respectively. The active material layers formed on the surfaces of the current collectors are covered with heat resistant porous films, respectively. An end face of the separator is flush with or positioned inside relative to end faces of the heat resistant porous films. The heat resistant porous films have a melting point higher than that of the separator and have a thermal conductivity lower than that of the current collectors.

Abstract: A method of measuring warpage of a rear surface of a substrate includes a substrate detection step, a best fit plane calculation step, and a warpage calculation step. Further, the method of measuring warpage of a rear surface of a substrate can further includes after the substrate detection step and before the best fit plane calculation step: a noise removal step and an outer peripheral portion removal step; the outer peripheral portion removal step and a smoothing step; or the noise removal step, the outer peripheral portion removal step, and the smoothing step. Thereby, a method of measuring warpage of a rear surface with a high surface roughness of a substrate can be provided.

Abstract: A method of measuring warpage of a rear surface of a substrate includes a substrate detection step, a best fit plane calculation step, and a warpage calculation step. Further, the method of measuring warpage of a rear surface of a substrate can further includes after the substrate detection step and before the best fit plane calculation step: a noise removal step and an outer peripheral portion removal step; the outer peripheral portion removal step and a smoothing step; or the noise removal step, the outer peripheral portion removal step, and the smoothing step. Thereby, a method of measuring warpage of a rear surface with a high surface roughness of a substrate can be provided.

Abstract: A large-sized power supply device including: a plurality of lithium ion secondary batteries including sealed battery cases and safety valves, the sealed battery cases containing a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a porous heat-resistant layer placed between the positive and negative electrodes, and a non-aqueous electrolyte, and the safety valves being provided on the sealed battery cases and operating at a predetermined pressure; and a battery container in which the plurality of lithium ion secondary batteries are housed. The power supply device is improved in safety, generates substantially no gas and, therefore, does not require any special exhaust hose for discharging gas. Thus, a large-sized power supply device having a markedly high volume efficiency can be provided.

Abstract: In a GaN crystal substrate, a rear surface opposite-to a crystal growth surface can have a warpage w(R) satisfying ?50 ?m?w(R)?50 ?m, a surface roughness Ra(R) satisfying Ra(R)?10 ?m, and a surface roughness Ry(R) satisfying Ry(R)?75 ?m. Further, a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device includes the step of preparing the GaN crystal substrate as a substrate and growing at least one group-III nitride crystal layer on a side of the crystal growth surface of the GaN crystal substrate. Thereby, a GaN crystal substrate having a rear surface with a reduced warpage and allowing a semiconductor layer having good crystallinity to be formed on a crystal growth surface thereof, a method of manufacturing the same, and a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device are provided.

Abstract: A method of measuring warpage of a rear surface of a substrate includes a substrate detection step, a best fit plane calculation step, and a warpage calculation step. Further, the method of measuring warpage of a rear surface of a substrate can further includes after the substrate detection step and before the best fit plane calculation step: a noise removal step and an outer peripheral portion removal step; the outer peripheral portion removal step and a smoothing step; or the noise removal step, the outer peripheral portion removal step, and the smoothing step. Thereby, a method of measuring warpage of a rear surface with a high surface roughness of a substrate can be provided.

Abstract: A video retrieval apparatus and a video retrieval method capable of executing appropriately a video retrieval and executing an effective retrieval by easily designating a retrieved object are provided.

Abstract: The invention relates to an image-formation lens system for reading images, etc., which has an image-formation magnification of less than 1×, comprises a reduced number of lenses, has a short length and compactness, and is fabricated with improved image quality yet at low cost. The image-formation lens system of the four-unit type comprises, in order from its object side toward its image side, a first lens L1 having positive power, a second lens L2 having positive power, a third lens L3 having negative lens and a fourth lens L4 having positive power. The image-formation lens system satisfies conditions (1) and (3) with respect to the Abbe numbers of L1 and L3 and conditions (2) and (4) with respect to the refractive indices of L2 and L4.

Abstract: A non-aqueous secondary battery comprising a positive electrode comprising a lithium-containing metal oxide, and a negative electrode comprising a carbon material as the active material is disclosed. The electrodes are separated by either a separator impregnated with organic electrolyte solution or by a solid electrolyte layer. The negative electrode comprises a mixture of the carbon material and at least one metal oxide selected from TiO2, Cr2O3, MnO2, Fe3O4, CoO, Co2O3, Co3O4, NiO, Ni2O3, Ag2O, PbO, Sb2O3, Bi2O3, SeO2, and TeO2.

Abstract: A multichannel recording and reproducing apparatus which includes: an input and output circuit; a buffer for temporally storing multichannel of video data through inputting and outputting circuit; a disc unit for storing the video data; a disc interface; a user interface circuit for receiving recording and reproducing commands and a corresponding file name from a user; a control circuit responsive to the user interface for obtaining one of N video channel circuits of the input and output circuit for inputting and outputting video data and receiving recording and reproducing commands; a filing circuit controlling files and determining first and second address data of the disc unit according to the recording and reproducing commands respectively; an access control circuit for accumulating the recording and reproducing commands and supplying each of the accumulated recording and reproducing commands when the disc interface is in a non-operating condition with priority provided to either of the recording or repro

Abstract: A signal 101 from a transmitting station includes: an address 102 specific to a message receiving apparatus; a specific message 103 that is an advance notice indicating receipt of a large-volume message; and a message main body 105. The message receiving apparatus includes: a receiving section 11 that outputs a data string by demodulating the signal 101; a decoder 13 that subjects the data string to an error correcting process, converts the corrected data string into a message, and makes an address collation; an analyzer 14 that analyzes the message and outputs a control signal to a total control section 16 if the analyzed message is a specific message; a buffer 15 that stores a message main body; and the total control section 16 that stops a peripheral device section 17 in accordance with signals obtained from the decoder and the analyzer and controls display by sending a message in the buffer 15 to the peripheral device section 17.

Abstract: A positive electrode made of lithium contained metal oxide and a negative electrode made of a carbon material as active material are separated by a separator impregnated with organic electrolyte solution or a solid electrolyte layer. In particular, the carbon material is added with the metal oxide which can electrochemically be reduced by charge to generate a metal. The metal oxide consists mainly of a mixture of the carbon material and at least one metal oxide selected from a group of TiO.sub.2, Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3, MnO.sub.2, Fe.sub.3 O.sub.4, CoO, Co.sub.2 O.sub.3, Co.sub.3 O.sub.4, NiO, Ni.sub.2 O.sub.3, Ag.sub.2 O, PbO, Sb.sub.2 O.sub.3, Bi.sub.2 O.sub.3, SeO.sub.2, and TeO.sub.2.

Abstract: In a paging receive for use in a radio paging system which employs a sophisticated data communication protocol, all protocol analysis operations such as de-interleaving and error correction processing are performed by a CPU which executes a control program, with the analysis being performed only on those received data frames which contain messages addressed to that paging receiver, and with the protocol analysis being performed first for the address field of such a frame, to obtain information specifying the position within a message field of that frame of requisite specific message data which are addressed to the paging receiver, then being performed only for these specific message data, within that message field.

Abstract: In a message receiving apparatus, a radio paging signal is demodulated into a baseband signal. The baseband signal is decoded into corresponding data. Address information is recovered from the data. Message information is recovered from the data. The recovered message information is subjected to an error correction process. On the other hand, the recovered address information is prevented from being subjected to the error correction process.

Abstract: Thiazolopyrimidine derivatives represented by the formula ##STR1## and salts thereof are provided, which are characterized by a carboxamide residue substituted with R.sup.4 and R.sup.5. The derivatives and salts thereof exhibit antiangiogenic activity and are useful for treatment and cure of diseases, the development of which may be related to angiogenesis, including diabetic retinopathy, various chronic inflammation conditions, growth or metastasis of malignant solid tumors, rheumatism and psoriasis.

Abstract: A sulfated polysaccharide DS4152 useful as an angiogenesis inhibitor or antitumor agent is provided selectively. As the sodium salt, it has the following physicochemical characteristics. Molecular weight by the gel filtration method: 29,000.+-.3,000. Elemental analysis: C: 24.42-25.76%, H: 3.34-3.98%, N: 0.51-0.89%, S: 10.6-11.7% and P: 0.77-1.06%. Sugar and protein contents: Sugar content (%): 57.+-.3 (by phenol sulfuric acid method; standard: galactose). Protein content (%): 1.+-.0.5 (by the Lowry-Folin's method; standard: bovine serum albumin). Specific rotatory power [.alpha.].sub.D.sup.25 : -37.degree..+-.1.degree. (0.5% aq. solution). Characteristic absorption bands in infrared absorption spectrum: 1240, 840 (shoulder), 810 (cm.sup.-1 ; KBr).

Abstract: The invention provides a zinc-nickel alloy plating bath comprising about 3 to about 30 g/l of Zn ion, about 0.2 to about 20 g/l of Ni ion, about 20 to about 300 g/l of alkali hydroxide, about 0.05 to about 10 g/l of amino-alcohol polymer, an Ni-complexing agent in an amount of about 1 to about 20 moles per mole of Ni ion, and about 0.01 to about 20 g/l of amino acid and/or a salt of amino acid, the bath having a pH of 11 or more.