Abstract: This invention relates to a process for utilizing renewable electricity in a way which defines an absolute currency, facilitates investment in further renewable electricity generation & also is useful in protecting investors from the effects of inflation. According to the invention a certified amount of renewable electricity delivered at a defined voltage & accessible grid point is utilized as a fully fungible alternative to a capital amount, or interest on capital, or both or a bond or security in a currency, thereby defining that capital or interest or security in absolute terms. Such a process utilizing renewable electricity could be used as a means to raise capital which could in turn be used to develop further renewable electricity resources.

Abstract: The invention discloses an ice composite body with a layer of water close to its freezing point within the body's armor shell at its base, with a pressurizing system for the water which maintains an upward pressure on the ice core at the set level needed to structurally support any burden resting on the top part of the shell, the top part of the shell & the ice core. The ice core has a separate non structural layer at its lowest level & a separate system of melting & freezing this layer of the ice core for thermal conditioning purposes, while using the pressurizing system to maintain hydrostatic and litho-static balance & thus maintain structural integrity. The pressurization system results in a more reliable structural support system for the top part of the shell particularly for dealing with thermal cycling & in warmer climates.

Abstract: An ice composite body (10) has an inner ice core (11) and a protective outer armour shell (12). The outer armour shell (12) consists of a base section (13), side sections (14) and a separate top section (15), which is free to move vertically between the side sections (14). The inner ice core (11) is maintained in a frozen condition in use by refrigeration pipes (21), which are located at various levels therethrough. The inner ice core (11) is built up from thin layers of ice which are frozen one after the other. Following the freezing of each layer of ice the layer is rolled using a roller apparatus which provides a roller pressure in the range of 3.5 to 8 Newtons/mm2. The ice composite body (10) can be used in warm or cool waters for applications such as bridges, breakwaters, causeways, pontoons, artificial islands, dams, tidal barrages, wave power barrages, harbour walls, wind power farms or aircraft runways.

Abstract: An ice composite body (10) has an inner ice core (11) and a protective outer armour shell (12). The outer armour shell (12) consists of a base section (13), side sections (14) and a separate top section (15), which is free to move vertically between the side sections (14). The inner ice core (11) is maintained in a frozen condition in use by refrigeration pipes (21), which are located at various levels therethrough. The inner ice core (11) is built up from thin layers of ice which are frozen one after the other. Following the freezing of each layer of ice the layer is rolled using a roller apparatus which provides a roller pressure in the range of 3.5 to 8 Newtons/mm2. The ice composite body (10) can be used in warm or cool waters for applications such as bridges, breakwaters, causeways, pontoons, artificial islands, dams, tidal barrages, wave power barrages, harbour walls, wind power farms or aircraft runways.

Abstract: An ice composite body has an inner ice core covered by a protective outer armor layer. Thermal insulation is provided between the inner core and the outer armor layer. Refrigeration is accomplished by a system of conduits for refrigerant are located within the body. The insulation and the refrigeration are adapted to maintain the ice core in a frozen condition relative to the ambient temperature. The base of the body cavity can be in direct contact with the water bed such that the ice core is freeze bonded to an advancing ice front in the water bed. The ice composite body provides structures of equal or greater strength than equivalent structures using conventional materials.