Abstract: A method of establishing a communication channel between a network client and a computer server over a network is described. The network client may be configured to communicate with the computer server over the network and to communicate with a token manager. The token manager may be configured with a parent digital certificate that is associated with the token manager. The token manager or network client generates a credential from the parent digital certificate, and transmits the credential to the computer server. The credential may be associated with the computer server. The network client may establish the communications channel with the computer server in accordance with an outcome of a determination of validity of the credential by, the computer server.

Abstract: A method of effecting secure communication over a network begins by interfacing a hardware token with a computer host. The hardware token includes security software and communication software stored thereon. The security software is stored in a memory of the hardware token. The computer host has a memory distinct from the hardware token memory. The authenticity of the security software is determined on the hardware token. Upon successful validation of the authenticity of the security software on the hardware token, the authenticity of the communication software is determined by loading the security software from the hardware token memory into the computer host memory and executing the loaded security software from the computer host memory. After successful validation of the authenticity of the communication software, the computer host facilitates communication between the hardware token and a remote computer by executing the communication software from the computer host memory.

Abstract: A method for protecting real estate from fraudulent changes in title begins by receiving a verification that a party requesting a change in title to a specific item of real estate is the true owner of the specific item of real estate. A title change authorization is provided if the identity of the requesting party is verified. A verification is received if the individual is a trusted authority authorized to modify title to real estate. The individual is authorized to effect the change in title to the specific item of real estate in accordance with the title change authorization.