Abstract: Methods and apparatuses are provided for use in authenticating credential information and allowing such credential information to be exchanged over non-secure channels in a safe and protected manner.

Abstract: The wrapping machine is for wrapping an article from a roll of film. It comprises a film tail treatment device, a device moving mechanism for moving vertically the film tail treatment device, a device height detector for detecting the height of the film tail treatment device, a clamping mechanism for clamping a portion of the film unrolled from the roll, a clamp moving mechanism for moving vertically the clamping mechanism, a clamp height detector for detecting the height of the clamping mechanism, and a controller for controlling the carriage moving mechanism, the device moving mechanism and the clamp moving mechanism during the wrapping cycle with respect to the heights detected by the carriage, device and clamp height detectors. At the end of the wrapping cycle, the clamp mechanism is positioned at the height required to clamp the portion of the film during operation of the film tail treatment device.