Abstract: A tube section for constructing a tube for underpressure applications with an incircle having a diameter of at least 2 m and to an evacuated tube transport system tube produced therefrom.

Abstract: A method for producing a tube segment and a tube for an evacuated tube transport system and a method for producing the tube segment.

Abstract: An evacuated tube transport system tube, which in use is near vacuum, including a plurality of tube segments with an internal diameter of at least 3 m, wherein the tube segments are a single-walled metal tube and wherein the surface of the tube is provided with protruding or intruding reinforcements against buckling.

Abstract: An evacuated tube transport system tube.

Abstract: A method for producing a tube segment and a tube for an evacuated tube transport system and a method for producing the tube segment.

Abstract: A method for the separation of a dispersion of molten aluminium and solid inclusions formed from a melt of aluminium containing one or more foreign chemical elements. Molten aluminium surrounding the solid inclusions is at least essentially replaced by a molten salt.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for fractional crystallization of an at most partially solidified molten metal, in which a layer of at most partially solidified molten metal having an upper surface and a lower surface is divided into a series of compartments communicating with each other, in which the metal is stirred in at least some of the compartments, and in which crystals formed and/or existing in the layer of metal are selectively transported in a predetermined direction and molten metal is selectively transported in the opposite direction.

Abstract: A method for the separation of a dispersion of molten aluminium and solid inclusions formed from a melt of aluminium containing one or more foreign chemical elements. Molten aluminium surrounding the solid inclusions is at least essentially replaced by a molten salt.

Abstract: Method of cooling an at most partially solidified molten metal during fractional crystallization wherein metal crystals formed have a purer composition than that of the molten metal. Salt in solid form is used to cool the at most partially solidified molten metal.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the purification of a molten metal containing one or more foreign elements. The molten metal is cooled to a eutectic temperature to simultaneously form purified metal crystals and crystals containing at least one foreign element, and at least some of the crystals containing at least one foreign element are separated from the purified metal crystals by using a solid-solid separation technique.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for controlling the proportion of aluminum crystals in a mixture of molten aluminum alloy and aluminum crystals. The electrical resistance of the mixture is determined with the aid of a four-point measurement. With the aid of the measured electrical resistance, the proportion of crystals in the mixture can be kept constant within narrow margins. The invention also relates to a device for carrying out the method.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for fractional crystallization of an at most partially solidified molten metal. According to the invention a layer of at most partially solidified molten metal to be crystallized is cooled by a layer of cooling liquid, which is present above and/or below the layer of at most partially solidified molten metal so as to crystallize the molten metal.

Abstract: A method for analyzing the composition of a bath comprising liquid metal, in which a laser beam is directed onto a surface of the bath and in which at least part of the metal forms a sample which is analyzed. In the method, at least at the location where the laser beam meets the bath, impurities at the surface of the bath are removed by purging with a stream of a purge gas. A device for analyzing the composition of a bath comprising liquid metal.

Abstract: Method for the purification of an aluminium alloy containing an alloying element wherein the aluminium alloy is subjected to a fractional crystallisation process. At least the aluminium alloy is separated into a product stream having a content of the alloying element less than the content of the alloying element in the aluminium alloy and a downgrade stream having a content of the alloying element higher than the content of the alloying element in the aluminium alloy. The downgrade stream is subjected to a process of separation of intermetallics wherein an additive is added to the downgrade stream to form a mixture containing intermetallics formed, and from this mixture a waste stream and a recycle stream is separated which waste stream contains a higher content of the alloying element than the recycle stream, and the recycle stream is fed at least partly into the fractional crystallisation process.