Abstract: A process for treating a source fluid in a manner that results in converting a carbon constituent into a carbonate constituent. The process includes the steps of providing the source fluid to a first treatment step, the source fluid being aqueous and comprising: at least one ppm to no more than five percent (by volume) of a hydrocarbonaceous component, and an impurity that includes a metal, a hard mineral, and combinations thereof. The process includes reacting the source fluid via the first treatment step to produce a treated aqueous stream comprising at least one percent to no more than thirty percent (by volume) of a hydroxide constituent.

Abstract: Systems and methods for treating produced water and/or flowback water from fracking operations include: an oil water separator; a first filter downstream of the oil water separator; and an electrocoagulation unit downstream of the first filter. Systems and methods can be used for producing a concentrated brine for use in industrial applications and a separate stream of fresh water.

Abstract: Systems and methods for treating produced water and/or flowback water from fracking operations include: an oil water separator; a first filter downstream of the oil water separator; and an electrocoagulation unit downstream of the first filter. Systems and methods can be used for producing a concentrated brine for use in industrial applications and a separate stream of fresh water.

Abstract: Systems and methods for treating produced water and/or flowback water from fracking operations include: an oil water separator; a first filter downstream of the oil water separator; and an electrocoagulation unit downstream of the first filter.