Abstract: Methods are provided for converting methane to useful hydrocarbons. In the methods provided, a fluid comprising methane and hydrogen is combined with a catalyst composition derived from at least an aluminum compound, such as an aluminum halide, an aluminum alkyl, or a aluminum hydrate, and a second component such as a transition metal halide, a transition metal hydride, or a zero-valent metal, to produce heavier hydrocarbons.

Abstract: Styrenic polymer foams, especially expanded and/or extruded styrenic polymer foams, are flame retarded by use of one or more flame retardant additives.

Abstract: This invention provides a process for producing decabromodiphenyl oxide from a liquid mixture. The liquid mixture is derived from bromine, a Lewis acid catalyst, and a diphenyl oxide species selected from the group consisting of (i) diphenyl oxide, (ii) partially brominated diphenyl oxide, (iii) decabromodiphenyl oxide having about 0.5% or more nonabromodiphenyl oxide, and (iv) any combination of (i)-(iii). The process comprises distilling bromine and hydrogen bromide from the liquid mixture while feeding bromine to the liquid mixture.

Abstract: Styrenic polymer foams, especially XPS and EPS, are flame retarded by use of one or more flame retardant bis(bromoalkyl)bromophthalate additives, most preferably bis(2,3-dibromopropyl)tetrabromophthalate. Surprisingly, the distribution of EPS beads in the desired commercial size range was increased by the use of bis(2,3-dibromopropyl)tetrabromophthalate.

Abstract: Composition of heterohalogenated cyclododecatriene (e.g. C.sub.12 H.sub.18 Br.sub.x Cl.sub.y) are disclosed and methods for preparation thereof.

Abstract: 3,5-Di(methylthio)-2,6-diaminotoluene is a novel compound which, alone or in admixture with 3,5-di(methylthio)-2,4-diaminotoluene, is particularly useful as a chain extender in the preparation of polyurethanes.

Abstract: ar-(Hydrocarbylthio)aromatic amines, such as (alkylthio) anilines, are prepared by heating one or more other ar-(hydrocarbylthio)aromatic amines in the presence of a catalyst, such as aluminum chloride, to redistribute the hydrocarbylthio groups with little or no co-formation of secondary or tertiary amines. The amine starting material is one or more primary aromatic amines having at least one free ring position and at least one hydrocarbylthio substituent in a ring position other than a meta-position.

Abstract: Novel poly(hydrocarbylthio)anilines are 2,4,6-trisubstituted anilines wherein the substituents in at least two of the ortho and para positions are hydrocarbylthio substituents, any other p-substituent is hydrocarbyl or hydrocarbyloxy, any other ar-substituents are chloro, fluoro, hydrocarbyl, hydrocarbyloxy, and/or hydrocarbylthio, and any N-substituents are hydrocarbyl.

Abstract: 3,5-Di(methylthio)-2,4-diaminotoluene is a novel compound which is particularly useful as a chain extender in the preparation of polyurethanes.

Abstract: A 4-cyclohexenylpyridine is brominatively aromatized to the corresponding 4-phenylpyridine by brominating the cyclohexenylpyridine, such as a 4-(halocyclohexenyl)pyridine, especially a 4-(4-halocyclohex-3-enyl)pyridine hydrochloride, and heating the brominated product in the presence or absence of any added base or hydrogen acceptor to form, e.g., a 4-(halophenyl)pyridine. The invention is of particular utility in the manufacture of intermediates of antibacterial 1-alkyl-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-(4-pyridyl)-3-quinolinearcarboxylic acids.

Abstract: (Hydrocarbylthio)aromatic amines are prepared by reacting an aromatic monoamine, such as an aminobenzene, with a hydrocarbyl disulfide, such as an alkyl disulfide, in the presence of hydrogen iodide, ammonium iodide, or cuprous iodide.

Abstract: A 4-cyclohexenylpyridine is brominatively aromatized to the corresponding 4-phenylpyridine by brominating the cyclohexenylpyridine, such as a 4-(halocyclohexenyl)pyridine, especially a 4-(4-halocyclohex-3-enyl)pyridine hydrochloride, and heating the brominated product in the presence or absence of any added base or hydrogen acceptor to form, e.g., a 4-(halophenyl)pyridine. The invention is of particular utility in the manufacture of intermediates of antibacterial 1-alkyl-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-(4-pyridyl)-3-quinolinecarboxylic acids.

Abstract: A 4-cyclohexenylpyridine is brominatively aromatized to the corresponding 4-phenylpyridine by brominating the cyclohexenylpyridine, such as a 4-(halocyclohexenyl)pyridine, especially a 4-(4-halocyclohex-3-enyl)pyridine hydrohalide, and heating the brominated product in an inert solvent and in the presence of a base to form, e.g., a 4-(halophenyl)pyridine. The invention is of particular utility in the manufacture of intermediates of antibacterial 1-alkyl- 1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-(4-pyridyl)-3-quinolinecarboxylic acids.

Abstract: (Hydrocarbylthio)phenols containing hydrocarbylthio groups in either or both of the meta positions, relative to the hydroxy group, on a phenolic ring are prepared by reacting phenolic compounds with an excess of hydrocarbyl disulfide in the presence of catalytic amounts of an aluminum phenoxide. Novel and useful (hydrocarbylthio)phenols containing hydrocarbylthio groups in either of both of the meta positions, relative to the hydroxy group, on a phenolic ring can be prepared by this process. (Hydrocarbylthio)phenols containing hydrocarbylthio groups in either of both of the meta positions, relative to the hydroxy group, on a phenolic ring are effective antioxidants for organic material normally susceptible to oxidative deterioration, such as mineral oil.

Abstract: Polyurethanes and a process for their preparation with aromatic diamines having an aromatic ring, one of said at least one aromatic ring having thereon at least two alkylthio substituents and at least one amino substituent. An isocyanate prepolymer may be combined with a diamine chain extender of the invention and cured at suitable processing temperatures to form elastomers with good physical properties.

Abstract: (Hydrocarbylthio)aromatic amines are prepared by reacting an aromatic amine, such as an aminobenzene, with a hydrocarbyl disulfide, such as an alkyl disulfide. The reaction is preferably conducted in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst, such as aluminum chloride.

Abstract: 4-(Bromophenyl)pyridines, useful in preparing bactericides, are prepared by reacting a 4-phenylpyridine with bromine in the presence of an excess of a Lewis acid catalyst, preferably aluminum chloride.

Abstract: 2-Nitro-4-(4-pyridinyl)benzoic acids, such as 2-nitro-4-(4-pyridinyl)benzoic acid, are prepared by oxidizing the appropriate 4-(4-alkyl-3-nitrophenyl)pyridine with, e.g., potassium permanganate or nitric acid. The products are particularly useful in the preparation of antibacterial 1-alkyl-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-pyridinyl-3-quinolinecarboxylic acids.

Abstract: (Hydrocarbylthio)phenols, such as 2-(alkylthio)phenols, are prepared by heating one or more (hydrocarbylthio)phenols selected from 2-, 3-, 4-, and poly(hydrocarbylthio)phenols in the presence of a catalytic amount of an aluminum phenoxide to redistribute the starting materials.

Abstract: (Hydrocarbylthio)phenols containing at least two hydrocarbylthio groups on a phenolic ring are prepared by reacting phenolic compounds with an excess of hydrocarbyl disulfide in the presence of catalytic amounts of an aluminum phenoxide. Novel and useful (hydrocarbylthio)phenols containing at least two hydrocarbylthio groups on a phenolic ring can be prepared by this process. (Hydrocarbylthio)phenols containing at least two hydrocarbylthio groups on a phenolic ring are effective antioxidants for organic material normally susceptible to oxidative deterioration, such as mineral oil.