Abstract: A liner or cover system is provided, which can at times have at least a portion of its area exposed to wind and/or ground fluid action and consequent damage, and which is held in position against dislodgement and therefore against damage by said action by an anchoring means or structure. The system is held anchored from under it at a plurality of loci by said anchoring means or structure which exerts at each said loci a force at least equal to the maximum force of wind and/or ground fluid expected to act at any time at said loci independently from any force acting at any time at any other of said loci of said liner or covering.

Abstract: A process to obtain liquid and gaseous hydrocarbon products from low grade carbonaceous deposits such as lignite, by retorting a first portion to produce a hydrocarbon oil, and reacting a second portion with the oil, thus producing increased fuel oils and gases.

Abstract: An extrudate element is inserted into a base material so that a portion of the extrudate enters into or traverses the base material. The inserted extrudate element, the constituent of the base material, or both are composed of an expandable extrudate containing an expansion agent. The expansion agent is activated during or after insertion of the extrudate element to cause enlargement of the expandable extrudate and/or the substrate or base. This enlargement fixes the extrudate element into the base material by tightening the inserted element against the base material to wedge it in place, as by causing portions of the inserted element to enter interstices of the base material, or by causing the inserted element to expand on both sides of the insertion opening to a diameter greater than that of the insertion opening. The insertion and subsequent fixing into a base material of a plurality of elements produces a pile surfaced article.