Abstract: An apparatus comprises at least one processor and at least one memory including computer code. The at least one memory and the computer code are configured to with the at least one processor cause the apparatus to at least perform receiving a first message from a first port, the first message for transmission in a communications network. The first message comprises at least one destination address. The apparatus is also configured to perform determining whether the first message is deliverable and generating a second message comprising the at least one destination address for each undeliverable address; and transmitting the second message.

Abstract: A bus interface couples a master device and one or more slave devices. Upon detecting a condition on the bus, one or more of the slave devices may force an extension of the bus condition for a predetermined time period. The forced extension may comprise forcing a voltage level, causing other devices on the bus to change modes. A master on the bus may detect an out-of-variance bus condition and, in response, take action to change the bus state to a stable condition. The bus interface may include power contacts and a single-wire bus for communicating between a host device and one or more battery packs.

Abstract: A bus interface couples a master device and one or more slave devices. Upon detecting a condition on the bus, one or more of the slave devices may force an extension of the bus condition for a predetermined time period. The forced extension may comprise forcing a voltage level, causing other devices on the bus to change modes. A master on the bus may detect an out-of-variance bus condition and, in response, take action to change the bus state to a stable condition. The bus interface may include power contacts and a single-wire bus for communicating between a host device and one or more battery packs.