Abstract: Polypeptides that fold into biologies are stabilized by diselenide bonds between selenocysteine amino acids. Methods to produce such polypeptides in genomically recoded organisms (GRO) can be scaled up for industrial production. Since diselenides have the same geometric bond angles and torsions as disulfides, as well as very similar bond lengths, they can be substituted into polypeptides without disrupting the three dimensional structure of the polypeptides. Diselenides render the polypeptides resistant to reduction when they are exposed to blood serum or to reducing components of blood serum or to reducing components components within cells.

Abstract: This invention provides methods and systems of DNA synthesis including providing an encoding unit comprising an enzyme, a single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and a nanopore, providing a lipid bilayer having on opposite sides a cis and a trans reservoir each having a different buffer composition, wherein the nanopore is within the lipid bilayer and the enzyme and the ssDNA are in the cis reservoir, providing an electrode over the lipid bilayer wherein the electrode can modulate voltage across the lipid bilayer, wherein the enzyme catalyzes DNA synthesis in response to the voltage.

Abstract: Polypeptides that fold into biologies are stabilized by diselenide bonds between selenocysteine amino acids. Methods to produce such polypeptides in genomically recoded organisms (GRO) can be scaled up for industrial production. Since diselenides have the same geometric bond angles and torsions as disulfides, as well as very similar bond lengths, they can be substituted into polypeptides without disrupting the three dimensional structure of the polypeptides. Diselenides render the polypeptides resistant to reduction when they are exposed to blood serum or to reducing components of blood serum or to reducing components components within cells.

Abstract: This invention provides methods and systems of DNA synthesis including providing an encoding unit comprising an enzyme, a single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and a nanopore, providing a lipid bilayer having on opposite sides a cis and a trans reservoir each having a different buffer composition, wherein the nanopore is within the lipid bilayer and the enzyme and the ssDNA are in the cis reservoir, providing an electrode over the lipid bilayer wherein the electrode can modulate voltage across the lipid bilayer, wherein the enzyme catalyzes DNA synthesis in response to the voltage.